OBJECT = CATALOG OBJECT = DSCOLL DATA_SET_COLLECTION_ID = "PREMGN-E/L/H/M/V-4/5-RAD/GRAV-V1.0" OBJECT = DSCOLLINFO DATA_SET_COLLECTION_NAME = "PRE-MGN E/L/H/M/V 4/5 RADAR/GRAVITY DATA V1.0" PRODUCER_FULL_NAME = "Raymond E. Arvidson" PRODUCER_INSTITUTION_NAME = "Washington University" DATA_SET_COLLECTION_DESC = "This entity is a collection of selected Earth-based radar data of Venus, the Moon, Mercury, and Mars, Pioneer Venus radar data, airborne radar images of Earth, and line of sight acceleration data derived from tracking the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Viking Orbiter 2. Included are 12.6 centimeter wavelength Arecibo Venus radar images, 12.6 to 12.9 cm Goldstone Venus radar images and altimetry data, together with altimetry, brightness temperature, Fresnel reflectivity and rms slopes derived from the Pioneer Venus Radar Mapper. For the Moon, Haystack 3.8 centimeter radar images and Arecibo 12.6 and 70 centimeter radar images are included. Mars data include Goldstone altimetry data acquired between 1971 and 1982 and a raster data set containing radar units that model Goldstone and Arecibo backscatter observations. Mercury data consist of Goldstone altimetry files. The terrestrial data were acquired over the Pisgah lava flows and the Kelso dune field in the Mojave Desert, California, and consist of multiple frequency, multiple incidence angle views of the same regions. Data set documentation is provided, with references that allow the reader to reconstruct processing histories. The entire data set collection and documentation are available on a CD-ROM entitled Pre-Magellan Radar and Gravity Data." DATA_SET_COLLECTION_USAGE_DESC = "The intent of the data set collection is to provide the planetary science community with radar and gravity data similar to the kinds of data that Magellan will begin collecting in the summer of 1990. The data set collection will be used for pre-Magellan analyses of Venus and for comparisons to actual Magellan data. The entire data set collection and documentation are available on a CD-ROM entitled Pre-Magellan Radar and Gravity Data. A list of the hardware and software that may be used to read this CD-ROM can be obtained from the PDS Geosciences Discipline Node." DATASETS = 15 START_TIME = 1968-11-09T00:00:00Z STOP_TIME = 1988-07-27T00:00:00Z DATA_SET_COLLECTION_RELEASE_DT = 1990-06-15 END_OBJECT = DSCOLLINFO OBJECT = DSCOLLDS DATA_SET_ID = "NDC8-E-ASAR-4-RADAR-V1.0" END_OBJECT = DSCOLLDS OBJECT = DSCOLLDS DATA_SET_ID = "ARCB-L-RTLS-5-12.6CM-V1.0" END_OBJECT = DSCOLLDS OBJECT = DSCOLLDS DATA_SET_ID = "ARCB-L-RTLS-4-70CM-V1.0" END_OBJECT = DSCOLLDS OBJECT = DSCOLLDS DATA_SET_ID = "ARCB-V-RTLS-4-12.6CM-V1.0" END_OBJECT = DSCOLLDS OBJECT = DSCOLLDS DATA_SET_ID = "ARCB-L-RTLS-3-70CM-V1.0" END_OBJECT = DSCOLLDS OBJECT = DSCOLLDS DATA_SET_ID = "GSSR-M-RTLS-5-ALT-V1.0" END_OBJECT = DSCOLLDS OBJECT = DSCOLLDS DATA_SET_ID = "GSSR-H-RTLS-4-ALT-V1.0" END_OBJECT = DSCOLLDS OBJECT = DSCOLLDS DATA_SET_ID = "GSSR-V-RTLS-5-12.6-9CM-V1.0" END_OBJECT = DSCOLLDS OBJECT = DSCOLLDS DATA_SET_ID = "HSTK-L-RTLS-4-3.8CM-V1.0" END_OBJECT = DSCOLLDS OBJECT = DSCOLLDS DATA_SET_ID = "ARCB/GSSR-M-RTLS-5-MODEL-V1.0" END_OBJECT = DSCOLLDS OBJECT = DSCOLLDS DATA_SET_ID = "P12-V-RSS-4-LOS-GRAVITY-V1.0" END_OBJECT = DSCOLLDS OBJECT = DSCOLLDS DATA_SET_ID = "P12-V-ORAD-4-ALT/RAD-V1.0" END_OBJECT = DSCOLLDS OBJECT = DSCOLLDS DATA_SET_ID = "P12-V-ORAD-5-RADAR-IMAGE-V1.0" END_OBJECT = DSCOLLDS OBJECT = DSCOLLDS DATA_SET_ID = "P12-V-ORAD-5-BACKSCATTER-V1.0" END_OBJECT = DSCOLLDS OBJECT = DSCOLLDS DATA_SET_ID = "VO2-M-RSS-4-LOS-GRAVITY-V1.0" END_OBJECT = DSCOLLDS OBJECT = DSCOLLREF REFERENCE_KEY_ID = ARVIDSONETAL1990A OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "RADAR AND GRAVITY DATA" JOURNAL_NAME = 'N/A' PUBLICATION_DATE = 1990 REFERENCE_DESC = "Arvidson, R.E., E.A. Guinness, S. Slavney, D. Acevedo, J. Hyon, and M. Martin, Pre-Magellan radar and gravity data, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, CDROM (USA_NASA_JPL_MG_1001)." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "RAYMOND E. ARVIDSON" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "EDWARD A. GUINNESS" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "SUSAN SLAVNEY" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "DAVID ACEVEDO" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "JASON HYON" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "MICHAEL D. MARTIN" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSCOLLREF END_OBJECT = DSCOLL OBJECT = DATASET DATA_SET_ID = "ARCB/GSSR-M-RTLS-5-MODEL-V1.0" OBJECT = DATASETINFO DATA_SET_NAME = "ARCB/GSSR M RADIO TELESC DERIVED RADAR MODEL UNIT MAP V1.0" START_TIME = 1980 STOP_TIME = 1986 NATIVE_START_TIME = 'N/A' NATIVE_STOP_TIME = 'N/A' DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = IMAGE DATA_SET_RELEASE_DATE = 1990-06-15 PROCESSING_LEVEL_ID = 5 PRODUCER_FULL_NAME = "THOMAS W. THOMPSON" PRODUCER_INSTITUTION_NAME = "JET PROPULSION LABORATORY" SOFTWARE_FLAG = "N" DETAILED_CATALOG_FLAG = "N" PROCESSING_START_TIME = 1980 PROCESSING_STOP_TIME = 1990 DATA_SET_DESC = "A model for Mars depolarized radar echo power that (1) matches the observed variation of total radar cross section with longitude and (2) produces model spectra that have the broad features of spectra published for Goldstone Solar System Radar and for Arecibo Observatory 1980 to 1982 observations. This model assumes that different geologic units on Mars backscatter in a uniformly bright manner, where radar echo power is A * Cosine (angle of incidence), where A varies across the planet. This model assigns depolarized radar echo power on a degree-by-degree basis in latitude and longitude." CONFIDENCE_LEVEL_NOTE = "Model assumes uniformly bright scattering for all model units. Fits to observations were by trial-and-error; thus, the model is not unique. Areal resolution accurate to +/- 20%; amplitude resolution is accurate to +/20%." END_OBJECT = DATASETINFO OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = MARS END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = PIXEL SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR MODEL ECHO POWER" NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = "DIMENSIONLESS" END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = EBDATASET INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "ARCB" INSTRUMENT_ID = "RTLS" MEASUREMENT_SOURCE_DESC = "The observations used the 300 meter reflector at Arecibo for transmission." MEASUREMENT_ATMOSPHERE_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_STANDARD_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The transmitter frequency is calibrated with a hydrogen maser." END_OBJECT = EBDATASET OBJECT = EBDATASET INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = GSSR INSTRUMENT_ID = "RTLS" MEASUREMENT_SOURCE_DESC = "The transmitter was the 70 meter antenna at the Goldstone Deep Space Network station." MEASUREMENT_ATMOSPHERE_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_STANDARD_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The transmitter frequency is calibrated with a hydrogen maser." END_OBJECT = EBDATASET OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = 'THOMPSON&MOORE1989' OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "MARS RADAR DATA" JOURNAL_NAME = "PROCEEDINGS OF THE 19TH LUNAR PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1989 REFERENCE_DESC = "Thompson, T.W., H.J. Moore, 1989, A model for depolarized radar echoes from Mars, Proc. 19th Lunar and Planet. Sci. Conf., 409-422." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "THOMAS W. THOMPSON" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "HENRY J. MOORE" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO END_OBJECT = DATASET OBJECT = DATASET DATA_SET_ID = "ARCB-L-RTLS-3-70CM-V1.0" OBJECT = DATASETINFO DATA_SET_NAME = "ARECIBO MOON RADIO TELESCOPE CALIBRATED 70 CM RADAR V1.0" START_TIME = 1986-07-03 STOP_TIME = 1987-05-23 NATIVE_START_TIME = 'N/A' NATIVE_STOP_TIME = 'N/A' DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = IMAGE DATA_SET_RELEASE_DATE = 1990-06-15 PROCESSING_LEVEL_ID = 3 PRODUCER_FULL_NAME = "THOMAS W. THOMPSON" PRODUCER_INSTITUTION_NAME = "JET PROPULSION LABORATORY" SOFTWARE_FLAG = "N" DETAILED_CATALOG_FLAG = "N" PROCESSING_START_TIME = 1986 PROCESSING_STOP_TIME = 1990 DATA_SET_DESC = "Backscatter image data of the Moon made with Arecibo 70 cm radar in 1986 and 1987. The observations were made to demonstrate mapping resolution of 0.5 - 1.0 kilometers by using short transmitter pulses and long integration times (up to 8 minutes). Image pixel values are in proportion to raw power in delay-Doppler sampling coordinates." CONFIDENCE_LEVEL_NOTE = "No correction has been made for antenna beam, scattering area or scattering law. Thermal signal-to-noise varies across the image. Note that thermal noise samples are in the first set of lines." END_OBJECT = DATASETINFO OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = MOON END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = 'DELAY-DOPPLER' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR SCALED ECHO POWER" NOISE_LEVEL = UNK DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = DIMENSIONLESS END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = EBDATASET INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "ARCB" INSTRUMENT_ID = "RTLS" MEASUREMENT_SOURCE_DESC = "The observations used the large 300 meter reflector at Arecibo for transmission." MEASUREMENT_ATMOSPHERE_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_STANDARD_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "Transmitter frequency calibrated with a hydrogen maser." END_OBJECT = EBDATASET OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = 'N/A' OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = 'N/A' JOURNAL_NAME = 'N/A' PUBLICATION_DATE = 'N/A' REFERENCE_DESC = 'N/A' OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO END_OBJECT = DATASET OBJECT = DATASET DATA_SET_ID = "ARCB-L-RTLS-4-70CM-V1.0" OBJECT = DATASETINFO DATA_SET_NAME = "ARECIBO MOON RADIO TELESC RESAMPLED 70 CM RADAR MOSAIC V1.0" START_TIME = 1981-05-07 STOP_TIME = 1984-06-07 NATIVE_START_TIME = 'N/A' NATIVE_STOP_TIME = 'N/A' DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = IMAGE DATA_SET_RELEASE_DATE = 1990-06-15 PROCESSING_LEVEL_ID = 4 PRODUCER_FULL_NAME = "THOMAS W. THOMPSON" PRODUCER_INSTITUTION_NAME = "JET PROPULSION LABORATORY" SOFTWARE_FLAG = "N" DETAILED_CATALOG_FLAG = "N" PROCESSING_START_TIME = 1981 PROCESSING_STOP_TIME = 1990 DATA_SET_DESC = "High resolution radar map compiled from measurements made between 1981 and 1984 with the 70 cm wavelength radar at Arecibo Observatory. The data have resolutions ranging from 2 to 5 kilometers. The pixel spacing is 0.1 degrees in latitude and longitude. The point at line 1000 and sample 1000 corresponds to 0 degrees latitude and 0 degrees longitude. The pixel values are scaled to represent 20 * log10 (backscattered power). Observed power has been corrected for antenna beam, scattering area and scattering law. Observed power of 1000, which is the lunar average, thus has a value of 60 in the data set. Radar was transmitted in left-hand circular polarization, and both right-hand circular polarization (i.e. polarized) and left-hand circular polarization (i.e. depolarized) echoes were received." CONFIDENCE_LEVEL_NOTE = "The mosaic consists of 20 or more sets of data; some mosaic seams exist." END_OBJECT = DATASETINFO OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = MOON END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = PIXEL SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR SCALED ECHO POWER" NOISE_LEVEL = UNK DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = DIMENSIONLESS END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = EBDATASET INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "ARCB" INSTRUMENT_ID = "RTLS" MEASUREMENT_SOURCE_DESC = "Radar pulses were transmitted using the high power 430 MHz transmitter at Arecibo Observatory. See THOMPSON1987 for details." MEASUREMENT_ATMOSPHERE_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_STANDARD_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "Transmitter frequency calibrated with a hydrogen maser." END_OBJECT = EBDATASET OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = THOMPSON1987 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "LUNAR RADAR DATA" JOURNAL_NAME = "The Earth, Moon and Planets" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1987 REFERENCE_DESC = "Thompson, T. W., High-resolution Lunar radar map at 70-cm wavelength, The Earth, Moon, and Planets, 37, 59-70, 1987." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Thomas W. Thompson" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO END_OBJECT = DATASET OBJECT = DATASET DATA_SET_ID = "ARCB-L-RTLS-5-12.6CM-V1.0" OBJECT = DATASETINFO DATA_SET_NAME = "ARECIBO MOON RADIO TELESCOPE DERIVED 12.6 CM RADAR V1.0" START_TIME = 1986 STOP_TIME = 1987 NATIVE_START_TIME = 'N/A' NATIVE_STOP_TIME = 'N/A' DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = IMAGE DATA_SET_RELEASE_DATE = 1990-06-15 PROCESSING_LEVEL_ID = 5 PRODUCER_FULL_NAME = "DONALD B. CAMPBELL" PRODUCER_INSTITUTION_NAME = "CORNELL UNIVERSITY" SOFTWARE_FLAG = "N" DETAILED_CATALOG_FLAG = "N" PROCESSING_START_TIME = 1986 PROCESSING_STOP_TIME = 1990 DATA_SET_DESC = "Radar scaled backscatter cross section images of the Moon made with the 12.6 cm wavelength radar at Arecibo Observatory. The data are corrected for antenna beam shape, but not for radar scattering variations with incidence angle. Data are scaled to fit within dynamic range of output values. The images are projected onto a Mercator grid with a longitude spacing of 0.01 degrees per pixel." CONFIDENCE_LEVEL_NOTE = "Latitude and longitude values given in the label are accurate only to the nearest degree. The incidence angle varies by about 6 degrees across the images." END_OBJECT = DATASETINFO OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = MOON END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = PIXEL SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR SCALED BACKSCATTER CROSS SECTION" NOISE_LEVEL = UNK DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = DIMENSIONLESS END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = EBDATASET INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "ARCB" INSTRUMENT_ID = "RTLS" MEASUREMENT_SOURCE_DESC = "The observations used the large 300 meter reflector at Arecibo for transmission." MEASUREMENT_ATMOSPHERE_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_STANDARD_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "Transmitter frequency calibrated with a hydrogen maser." END_OBJECT = EBDATASET OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = 'N/A' OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = 'N/A' JOURNAL_NAME = 'N/A' PUBLICATION_DATE = 'N/A' REFERENCE_DESC = 'N/A' OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO END_OBJECT = DATASET OBJECT = DATASET DATA_SET_ID = "ARCB-V-RTLS-4-12.6CM-V1.0" OBJECT = DATASETINFO DATA_SET_NAME = "ARECIBO VENUS RADIO TELESCOPE RESAMPLED 12.6 CM RADAR V1.0" START_TIME = 1983-08-01 STOP_TIME = 1988-06-20 NATIVE_START_TIME = 'N/A' NATIVE_STOP_TIME = 'N/A' DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = IMAGE DATA_SET_RELEASE_DATE = 1990-06-15 PROCESSING_LEVEL_ID = 4 PRODUCER_FULL_NAME = "DONALD B. CAMPBELL" PRODUCER_INSTITUTION_NAME = "NATIONAL ASTRONOMY AND IONOSPHERE CENTER, CORNELL UNIVERSITY" SOFTWARE_FLAG = "N" DETAILED_CATALOG_FLAG = "N" PROCESSING_START_TIME = 1983 PROCESSING_STOP_TIME = 1990 DATA_SET_DESC = "The Arecibo 12.6 cm radar data set for Venus consists of scaled radar backscatter cross section images generated from data obtained in 1983 and 1988. The images are in raster format (one image line per record, with no embedded labels). The original images are in 16-bit, unsigned integer, most-significant-byte-first format. Since the volume of the entire set of 16-bit images would have exceeded the capacity of the CD-ROM, some of the images have been scaled to 8-bit versions. Specifically, the entire set of 1988 images are in the scaled 8-bit format, while all the 1983 images are in the original 16-bit format. In addition, a subset of the 1988 data is also given in 16-bit format. Both the 16-bit and the 8-bit images were provided by Don Campbell, Cornell University.\n \n The 1983 data (acquired in August) cover parts of the northern hemisphere of Venus and consist of 4 files. The first is a mosaic in a Mercator projection with a pixel spacing of 0.12 degrees in longitude. A grid spaced at 10 degrees in both latitude and longitude is embedded in the data. The remaining three files are sections of the mosaic. The mosaic covers 18 to 80 degrees north latitude and 250 (leftmost) to 40 (rightmost) degrees east longitude. The three sections of the 1983 mosaic cover the following areas: (a) 18 to 70 north latitude, 320 to 40 east longitude; 0.02 degrees long pixel spacing; (b) 69 to 80 north latitude, 267 to 21 east longitude, 0.04 degrees long pixel spacing; (c) 18 to 70 north latitude, 250 to 331 east longitude, 0.02 degrees longitude pixel spacing. The data correspond to incidence angle ranges of 44 to 70 degrees, relative to the sub-Earth point. Polarization is circular, with opposite sense receive, so the data consist of polarized returns. For the mosaic, a theoretical antenna beam pattern has been removed and the echoes have been corrected for a diffuse scattering law by multiplying by the cosine of the incidence angle. Data have been scaled to fit within a 16 bit interval.\n \n The 1988 data consist of two groups of images that cover the northern and southern hemispheres. Twenty-five individual 'looks' were averaged to make each northern hemisphere image, whereas 26 looks were averaged for the southern hemisphere images. Incidence angles for most of the coverage are between 20 and 60 degrees; the extreme range is from 8 to 67 degrees. Ground resolution is between 1.5 and 2 km. The range resolution varies from 1.7 km at 20 degrees incidence to 0.8 km at 50 degrees; the Doppler resolution (approximately east-west) is about 1.3 km." CONFIDENCE_LEVEL_NOTE = "1988 data have several areas where the image is degraded due to cross coupling of power from high backscatter cross section features at the ambiguity location in the opposite hemisphere." END_OBJECT = DATASETINFO OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = VENUS END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = PIXEL SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR SCALED BACKSCATTER CROSS SECTION" NOISE_LEVEL = UNK DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = DIMENSIONLESS END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = EBDATASET INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "ARCB" INSTRUMENT_ID = "RTLS" MEASUREMENT_SOURCE_DESC = "The observations used the large 300 meter reflector at Arecibo for transmission." MEASUREMENT_ATMOSPHERE_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_STANDARD_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "Transmitter frequency calibrated with a hydrogen maser." END_OBJECT = EBDATASET OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = CAMPBELLETAL1989 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "GEOLOGY OF VENUS" JOURNAL_NAME = "SCIENCE" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1989 REFERENCE_DESC = "Campbell, D.B., J.W. Head, A.A. Hine, J.K. Harmon, D.A. Senske, and P.C. Fisher, 1989, Styles of volcanism on Venus: New Arecibo high resolution radar data, Science, 246, 373-377." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "DONALD B. CAMPBELL" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "JAMES W. HEAD" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "ALICE A. HINE" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "JOHN K. HARMON" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "DAVID A. SENSKE" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "PAUL C. FISHER" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO END_OBJECT = DATASET OBJECT = DATASET DATA_SET_ID = "GSSR-H-RTLS-4-ALT-V1.0" OBJECT = DATASETINFO DATA_SET_NAME = "GOLDSTONE MERCURY RADIO TELESCOPE RESAMPLED ALTIMETRY V1.0" START_TIME = 1972-07-15 STOP_TIME = 1974-07-14 NATIVE_START_TIME = 'N/A' NATIVE_STOP_TIME = 'N/A' DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = TABLE DATA_SET_RELEASE_DATE = 1990-06-15 PROCESSING_LEVEL_ID = 4 PRODUCER_FULL_NAME = "SHALHAV ZOHAR" PRODUCER_INSTITUTION_NAME = "JET PROPULSION LABORATORY" SOFTWARE_FLAG = "N" DETAILED_CATALOG_FLAG = "N" PROCESSING_START_TIME = 1972 PROCESSING_STOP_TIME = 1990 DATA_SET_DESC = "Each record in the table specifies a longitude and latitude on Mercury and an estimate of its radius at that location, derived from Goldstone Solar System Radar observations. All fields are separated by commas." CONFIDENCE_LEVEL_NOTE = "Monte Carlo simulations indicate errors of about 150 meters in range. The actual accuracy depends upon signal to noise ratio, scattering law, and the profile distance from the sub-radar point." END_OBJECT = DATASETINFO OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = MERCURY END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = PIXEL SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "PLANETARY RADIUS" NOISE_LEVEL = UNK DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = KILOMETER END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = EBDATASET INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = GSSR INSTRUMENT_ID = "RTLS" MEASUREMENT_SOURCE_DESC = "The transmitter was the 64 meter antenna at the Goldstone Deep Space Network station." MEASUREMENT_ATMOSPHERE_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_STANDARD_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The transmitter frequency is calibrated with a hydrogen maser." END_OBJECT = EBDATASET OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = CLARKETAL1988 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "MERCURY RADAR DATA" JOURNAL_NAME = 'N/A' PUBLICATION_DATE = 1988 REFERENCE_DESC = "Clark, P.E., M.A. Leake, and R.F. Jurgens, 1988, Goldstone radar observations of Mercury, 77-100, in Mercury, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "PAM E. CLARK" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "M. A. LEAKE" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "RAYMOND F. JURGENS" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO END_OBJECT = DATASET OBJECT = DATASET DATA_SET_ID = "GSSR-M-RTLS-5-ALT-V1.0" OBJECT = DATASETINFO DATA_SET_NAME = "GOLDSTONE MARS RADIO TELESCOPE DERIVED ALTIMETRY V1.0" START_TIME = 1971-06-20T08:58:53Z STOP_TIME = 1982-03-26T08:08:36Z NATIVE_START_TIME = 'N/A' NATIVE_STOP_TIME = 'N/A' DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = TABLE DATA_SET_RELEASE_DATE = 1990-06-15 PROCESSING_LEVEL_ID = 5 PRODUCER_FULL_NAME = "GEORGE S. DOWNS" PRODUCER_INSTITUTION_NAME = "MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY" SOFTWARE_FLAG = "N" DETAILED_CATALOG_FLAG = "N" PROCESSING_START_TIME = 1971 PROCESSING_STOP_TIME = 1983 DATA_SET_DESC = "The data set consists of Martian radii and elevations (relative to the 6 millibar reference surface) measured relative to JPL ephemeris DE_118. The data were obtained by the Goldstone Solar System Radar during the oppositions of 1971-1982. Present form of table generated by R. Mehlman, UCLA/IGPP. All fields are separated by commas." CONFIDENCE_LEVEL_NOTE = "The elevation data in the set are subject to two types of error: (1) Errors in the measurements of the range to the planet. These range errors are less than 100 meters on the average. (2) Errors due to the differences between the assumed shape of the reference figure and the actual shape of the planet. This error will affect global topography but not local topography. The peak-to-peak magnitude of this error is estimated to be 1800 meters. See DOWNSETAL1975 for further details." END_OBJECT = DATASETINFO OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = MARS END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = PIXEL SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "PLANETARY RADIUS" NOISE_LEVEL = UNK DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = KILOMETER END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = EBDATASET INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = GSSR INSTRUMENT_ID = "RTLS" MEASUREMENT_SOURCE_DESC = "The transmitter was the 64 meter antenna at the Goldstone Deep Space Network station." MEASUREMENT_ATMOSPHERE_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_STANDARD_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The transmitter frequency is calibrated with a hydrogen maser." END_OBJECT = EBDATASET OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = DOWNSETAL1975 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "MARS RADAR DATA" JOURNAL_NAME = "ICARUS" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1975 REFERENCE_DESC = "Downs, G.S., P.E. Reichley, and R.R. Green, 1975, Radar measurements of martian topography and surface properties: The 1971 and 1973 oppositions, Icarus, 26, 273-312." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "GEORGE S. DOWNS" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "P. E. REICHLEY" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "R. R. GREEN" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO END_OBJECT = DATASET OBJECT = DATASET DATA_SET_ID = "GSSR-V-RTLS-5-12.6-9CM-V1.0" OBJECT = DATASETINFO DATA_SET_NAME = "GSSR V RTLS 5 12.6-12.9CM RADAR SCALED ECHO POWER/ALT V1.0" START_TIME = 1972-06-20 STOP_TIME = 1988-07-27 NATIVE_START_TIME = 'N/A' NATIVE_STOP_TIME = 'N/A' DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = IMAGE DATA_SET_RELEASE_DATE = 1990-06-15 PROCESSING_LEVEL_ID = 5 PRODUCER_FULL_NAME = "RAYMOND F. JURGENS" PRODUCER_INSTITUTION_NAME = "JET PROPULSION LABORATORY" SOFTWARE_FLAG = "N" DETAILED_CATALOG_FLAG = "N" PROCESSING_START_TIME = 1972-06-01 PROCESSING_STOP_TIME = 1990-04-01 DATA_SET_DESC = "The Goldstone Solar System Radar observations of Venus from 1972 until 1988 are included in this data set. The system operated at 12.6 cm up until 1977; afterward the system operated at 12.9 cm. The data consist of radar scaled backscatter cross sections in image format and, in most cases, associated altimetry observations. The data were acquired over 52 separate observing runs. In total the observations cover the region between approximately 260 degrees (leftmost) east longitude to 30 degrees (rightmost) east longitude, within approximately 20 degrees of the equator. Backscatter data were acquired with opposite sense circular polarization with incidence angles typically less than 10 degrees. Associated altimetric data were acquired using a two or three station interferometric system. Data are presented in Mercator projection with degrees/pixel in longitude dependent on the individual data file." CONFIDENCE_LEVEL_NOTE = "Pre-1977 backscatter images are normalized relative to the square root of the scattering properties for an annulus about the sub-Earth point including the data. The 1977 and later images are normalized relative to the average scattering properties for the annulus. Most of the backscatter images are speckle noise limited as opposed to thermal noise. The confidence is usually limited by the number of looks. The errors in the altimetry data are difficult to estimate and vary greatly over the image. These errors depend upon the accuracy of the ephemeris, the variation of the interferometer fringe spacings, the signal to noise ratio and therefore the scattering law appropriate for each day's observation. The maximum likelihood estimator also does not provide an estimate of the errors. Errors range from 30 meters near the sub-radar region to a few kilometers at the outer edge of the image." END_OBJECT = DATASETINFO OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = VENUS END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = PIXEL SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR SCALED BACKSCATTER CROSS SECTION" NOISE_LEVEL = UNK DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = DIMENSIONLESS END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = PIXEL SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "PLANETARY ELEVATION" NOISE_LEVEL = UNK DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = KILOMETER END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = EBDATASET INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = GSSR INSTRUMENT_ID = "RTLS" MEASUREMENT_SOURCE_DESC = "The transmitter was the 64 meter antenna at the Goldstone Deep Space Network station." MEASUREMENT_ATMOSPHERE_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_STANDARD_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The transmitter frequency is calibrated with a hydrogen maser." END_OBJECT = EBDATASET OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = ARVIDSONETAL1990B OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "GEOLOGY OF VENUS" JOURNAL_NAME = "PROCEEDINGS OF THE 20TH LUNAR PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1990 REFERENCE_DESC = "Arvidson, R.E., J.J. Plaut, R.F. Jurgens, R.S. Saunders, M.A. Slade, 1990, Geology of Southern Guinevere Planitia, Venus, based on analyses of Goldstone radar data, Proc. 20th Lunar and Planet. Sci. Conf., 557-572." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Raymond E. Arvidson" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Jeffrey J. Plaut" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Raymond F. Jurgens" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "R. Stephen Saunders" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "M. A. Slade" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = JURGENSETAL1980 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "VENUS RADAR DATA" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1980 REFERENCE_DESC = "Jurgens, R.F., R.M. Goldstein, H.C. Rumsey, R.R. Green, 1980, Images of Venus by three-station radar interferometry--1977 results, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 8282-8294." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Raymond F. Jurgens" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "R. M. Goldstein" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "H. C. Rumsey" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "R. R. Green" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO END_OBJECT = DATASET OBJECT = DATASET DATA_SET_ID = "HSTK-L-RTLS-4-3.8CM-V1.0" OBJECT = DATASETINFO DATA_SET_NAME = "HAYSTACK MOON RADIO TELESCOPE RESAMPLED 3.8 CM RADAR V1.0" START_TIME = 1968-11-09 STOP_TIME = 1969-09-04 NATIVE_START_TIME = 'N/A' NATIVE_STOP_TIME = 'N/A' DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = IMAGE DATA_SET_RELEASE_DATE = 1990-06-15 PROCESSING_LEVEL_ID = 4 PRODUCER_FULL_NAME = "STANLEY H. ZISK" PRODUCER_INSTITUTION_NAME = "MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY" SOFTWARE_FLAG = "N" DETAILED_CATALOG_FLAG = "N" PROCESSING_START_TIME = 1968 PROCESSING_STOP_TIME = 1990 DATA_SET_DESC = "This data set consists of a series of images of the Moon showing radar scaled echo power. Each covers about 400 square kilometers of the lunar surface, and contains two co-registered images. Transmitted signal was right-circular polarization, images are therefore leftcircular and right-circular. Images are projected as Mercator maps for latitudes less than 16 degrees, Lambert (small-angle cone) between 16 and 48 degrees, Lambert (large-angle cone) between 48 and 80 degrees, and polar stereographic between 80 and 90 degrees." CONFIDENCE_LEVEL_NOTE = "Images have been corrected for radar system parameters, lunar surface projection parameters, and mean lunar scattering laws. Data in different images should therefore depend on lunar surface scattering properties only, except for variations of radar echo power as a function of local surface tilt." END_OBJECT = DATASETINFO OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = MOON END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = PIXEL SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR SCALED ECHO POWER" NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = "DIMENSIONLESS" END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = EBDATASET INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "HSTK" INSTRUMENT_ID = "RTLS" MEASUREMENT_SOURCE_DESC = "The radar observations were made using the Haystack radar and post-processing system. See ZISKETAL1974 for details." MEASUREMENT_ATMOSPHERE_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_STANDARD_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The transmitter frequency is calibrated with a hydrogen maser." END_OBJECT = EBDATASET OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = ZISKETAL1974 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "LUNAR RADAR DATA" JOURNAL_NAME = "THE MOON" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1974 REFERENCE_DESC = "Zisk, S.H., G.H. Pettengill, G.W. Catuna, 1974, High-resolution radar maps of the lunar surface at 3.8-cm wavelength, The Moon, 10, 17-50." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "S. H. ZISK" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "GORDON H. PETTENGILL" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "G. W. CATUNA" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO END_OBJECT = DATASET OBJECT = DATASET DATA_SET_ID = "NDC8-E-ASAR-4-RADAR-V1.0" OBJECT = DATASETINFO DATA_SET_NAME = "NASA DC-8 EARTH AIRSAR RESAMPLED RADAR IMAGES V1.0" START_TIME = 1988-06-02T08:10:05Z STOP_TIME = 1988-06-02T10:08:13Z NATIVE_START_TIME = 'N/A' NATIVE_STOP_TIME = 'N/A' DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = IMAGE DATA_SET_RELEASE_DATE = 1990-06-15 PROCESSING_LEVEL_ID = 4 PRODUCER_FULL_NAME = "JEFFREY J. PLAUT" PRODUCER_INSTITUTION_NAME = "WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY" SOFTWARE_FLAG = "N" DETAILED_CATALOG_FLAG = "N" PROCESSING_START_TIME = 1988-06-02 PROCESSING_STOP_TIME = 1989-12-31 DATA_SET_DESC = "AIRSAR is the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's airborne polarimetric SAR that operates at C (5.66 cm), L (23.98 cm), and P (68.13 cm) wavelengths in a polarimetric mode (Zebker et al., 1987). AIRSAR acquires data that can be processed to backscatter image formats with range and azimuth resolutions of approximately 20 meters. The pixel values are expressed in radar backscatter cross section as 32-bit numbers. The cross section is the area of a half sphere that would scatter the amount of power received by the antenna. AIRSAR flew on NASA's DC-8 in May 1988 and acquired data at multiple incidence angles and azimuths over selected geological targets in the southern Mojave Desert of California (Arvidson et al., 1990). The AIRSAR data consist of radar images in C, L, and P frequencies for the Pisgah volcanic field, the adjacent Lavic Lake Playa, and the Kelso Dune Field. The data are in both HH (horizontal (linear) wave transmit, horizontal receive) and HV (horizontal transmit, vertical receive) polarizations. Three incidence angle views are included for the Pisgah-Lavic site. Thus there are 6 Kelso scenes and 18 Pisgah-Lavic scenes. The intent is to provide radar backscatter image views over a variety of system and observations parameters for sites that can be visited and that range from rough aa flows, mantled pahoehoe flows, relatively smooth playa surfaces, to a complex dune field. Data are presented in along track - cross track coordinates, using slant range cross track dimensions." CONFIDENCE_LEVEL_NOTE = "Because of uncertainties in calibration procedures, absolute values are less well known than relative cross section values." END_OBJECT = DATASETINFO OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = EARTH END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = PIXEL SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 25 MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 9 MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 6 SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = METER DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR BACKSCATTER CROSS SECTION" NOISE_LEVEL = UNK DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = DIMENSIONLESS END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = EBDATASET INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = NDC8 INSTRUMENT_ID = ASAR MEASUREMENT_SOURCE_DESC = "The radar observations were made using the airborne polarimetric SAR on NASA's DC-8 aircraft. See the data set description." MEASUREMENT_ATMOSPHERE_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" MEASUREMENT_STANDARD_DESC = "The response from trihedral corner reflectors is used to calibrate the radar signal." MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "Signals are derived from a stable local oscillator source operating at the L-band center frequency (1250 MHz). The P-band center frequency is derived from this source by down-converting, while the C-band center frequency is derived by up-converting." END_OBJECT = EBDATASET OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = ZEBKERETAL1987 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "RADAR IMAGING" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1987 REFERENCE_DESC = "Zebker, H.H., J.J. van Zyl, D.N. Held, 1987, Imaging polarimetry from wave synthesis, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 683-701." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "H. H. Zebker" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "J. J. Van Zyl" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "D. N. Held" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = ARVIDSONETALINPREP OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "GRSFE" JOURNAL_NAME = "BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA" PUBLICATION_DATE = "UNK:" REFERENCE_DESC = "Arvidson, R.E., D. Evans, T. Farr, L. Gaddis, R. Greeley, E. Guinness, N. Lancaster, S. Petroy, J. Plaut, J. van Zyl, Mojave remote sensing experiment, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., in preparation." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Raymond E. Arvidson" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Diane Evans" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Thomas Farr" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Lisa Gaddis" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Ronald Greeley" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Edward A. Guinness" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Nick Lancaster" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Shelley B. Petroy" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Jeffrey J. Plaut" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Jakob van Zyl" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO END_OBJECT = DATASET OBJECT = DATASET DATA_SET_ID = "P12-V-ORAD-4-ALT/RAD-V1.0" OBJECT = DATASETINFO DATA_SET_NAME = "P12 V ORBITING RADAR RESAMPLED ALTIMETER/RADIOMETER V1.0" START_TIME = 1978-12-05 STOP_TIME = 1981-03-23 NATIVE_START_TIME = 'N/A' NATIVE_STOP_TIME = 'N/A' DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = "TABLE" DATA_SET_RELEASE_DATE = 1988-12-01 PROCESSING_LEVEL_ID = 4 PRODUCER_FULL_NAME = "GORDON H. PETTENGILL" PRODUCER_INSTITUTION_NAME = "MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY" SOFTWARE_FLAG = "N" DETAILED_CATALOG_FLAG = "N" PROCESSING_START_TIME = 1988-12-01 PROCESSING_STOP_TIME = 1988-12-01 DATA_SET_DESC = "This data set consists of groups of measurements made by the Radar Mapper experiment on the Pioneer Venus Orbiter spacecraft. The measurements were made during each approximately 12-second spacecraft rotation period for a period of 32 minutes on either side of periapsis, when the range to the surface was less than about 4500 kilometers. During those 12 seconds, up to 8 measurements were made: (a) cold-sky received calibration when the antenna pointed to the zenith, (b) 'early' imaging, when the antenna pointer at an angle of between 10 and 40 degrees from nadir, (c) planetary thermal noise temperature when the antenna pointed to the nadir (d) one altimetry measurement, or (d-g) four altimetry measurements, and (h) 'late' imaging, when the antenna again pointed at an angle of between 10 and 40 degrees from nadir, but on the other side from 'early' imaging. The decision to make one or four altimetry measurements depended on the spacecraft altitude--one measurement was made above 700 kilometers, four below. Also, the imaging modes were only enabled below 700 kilometers and only generated useful results below 550 kilometers. This data set contains results from the altimetry and radiometry measurements. Each record describes the data collected during a single 12-second roll period. If 4 altimetry measurements were made at that time, the individual results have been averaged." CONFIDENCE_LEVEL_NOTE = "This data set includes corrections for timing errors, orbit determination errors, and for atmospheric delay and attenuation. There remain severe systematic errors in the planetary radius and Fresnel reflectivity parameters, the former due to a combination of spacecraft timing and orbit determination errors, the latter to spacecraft timing errors alone." END_OBJECT = DATASETINFO OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = VENUS END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = TIME SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 0.001 MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 12 MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 12 SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = SECOND DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE" NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = "KELVIN" END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = TIME SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 0.001 MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 12 MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 12 SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = SECOND DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "PLANETARY RADIUS" NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = KILOMETER END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = TIME SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 0.001 MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 12 MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 12 SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = SECOND DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR-DERIVED RMS SLOPE" NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = RADIANS END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = TIME SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 0.001 MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 12 MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 12 SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = SECOND DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR-DERIVED FRESNEL REFLECTIVITY" NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = DIMENSIONLESS END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = TIME SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 0.001 MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 12 MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 12 SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = SECOND DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "PIONEER-VENUS FRESNEL REFLECTIVITY CORR" NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = DIMENSIONLESS END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = SCDATASET INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = P12 INSTRUMENT_ID = ORAD END_OBJECT = SCDATASET OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = HAGFORS1970 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "RADAR ASTRONOMY" JOURNAL_NAME = "RADIO SCIENCE" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1970 REFERENCE_DESC = "Hagfors, T., Remote probing of the Moon by infrared and microwave emission and by radar, Radio Sci., 5, 219-227, 1970." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "T. HAGFORS" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = PETTENGILLETAL1980A OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "RADAR ASTRONOMY" JOURNAL_NAME = "IEEE TRANSACTIONS IN GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1980 REFERENCE_DESC = "Pettengill, G. H., D. F. Horwood, and C. H. Keller, Pioneer Venus Orbiter Radar Mapper: design and operation, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., GE-18, 28-32, 1980." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "GORDON H. PETTENGILL" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "D. F. HORWOOD" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "C. H. KELLER" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = PETTENGILLETAL1980B OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "RADAR ASTRONOMY" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1980 REFERENCE_DESC = "Pettengill, G. H., E. Eliason, P. G. Ford, G. B. Loriot, H. Masursky, and G. E. McGill, Pioneer Venus radar results: altimetry and surface properties, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 8261-8270, 1980." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "GORDON H. PETTENGILL" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "ERIC ELIASON" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "PETER G. FORD" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "G. B. LORIOT" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "HAROLD MASURSKY" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "GEORGE E. MCGILL" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = MASURSKYETAL1980 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "RADAR ASTRONOMY" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1980 REFERENCE_DESC = "Masursky, H., E. Eliason, P. G. Ford, G. E. McGill, G. H. Pettengill, G. G. Schaber, and G. Schubert, Pioneer Venus radar results: geology from images and altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 8232-8260, 1980." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "HAROLD MASURSKY" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "ERIC ELIASON" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "PETER G. FORD" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "GEORGE E. MCGILL" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "GORDON H. PETTENGILL" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "G. G. SCHABER" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "G. SCHUBERT" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = PETTENGILLETAL1983 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "RADAR ASTRONOMY" JOURNAL_NAME = "SCIENCE" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1983 REFERENCE_DESC = "Pettengill, G. H., P. G. Ford, and S. Nozette, Venus: global surface radio reflectivity, Science, 217, 640-642, 1983." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "GORDON H. PETTENGILL" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "PETER G. FORD" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "S. NOZETTE" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = 'FORD&PETTENGILL1983' OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "RADAR ASTRONOMY" JOURNAL_NAME = "SCIENCE" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1983 REFERENCE_DESC = "Ford, P. G., and G. H. Pettengill, Venus: global surface radio emissivity, Science, 220, 1379-1381, 1983." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "PETER G. FORD" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "GORDON H. PETTENGILL" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = KLIOREETAL1985 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES" JOURNAL_NAME = "ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1985 REFERENCE_DESC = "Kliore, A. J., V. I. Moroz, and G. M. Kesting, The Venus international reference atmosphere, Adv. Space Res. (abbr?), vol?, pp?, 1985." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "A. J. KLIORE" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "V. I. MOROZ" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "G. M. KESTING" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = PETTENGILLETAL1988 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "RADAR ASTRONOMY" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1988 REFERENCE_DESC = "Pettengill, G. H., P. G. Ford, and B. D. Chapman, Venus: surface electromagnetic properties, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 14881-14892, 1988." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "GORDON H. PETTENGILL" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "PETER G. FORD" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "B. D. CHAPMAN" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO END_OBJECT = DATASET OBJECT = DATASET DATA_SET_ID = "P12-V-ORAD-5-BACKSCATTER-V1.0" OBJECT = DATASETINFO DATA_SET_NAME = "P12 V ORBITING RADAR DERIVED BACKSCATTER CROSS SECTION V1.0" START_TIME = 1978-12-05 STOP_TIME = 1981-03-23 NATIVE_START_TIME = 'N/A' NATIVE_STOP_TIME = 'N/A' DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = IMAGE DATA_SET_RELEASE_DATE = 1988-12-01 PROCESSING_LEVEL_ID = 5 PRODUCER_FULL_NAME = "Peter G. Ford" PRODUCER_INSTITUTION_NAME = "Massachusetts Institute of Technology" SOFTWARE_FLAG = "N" DETAILED_CATALOG_FLAG = "N" PROCESSING_START_TIME = 1988-12-01 PROCESSING_STOP_TIME = 1988-12-01 DATA_SET_DESC = "This data set consists of a VICAR2 format image of Venus large-angle radar backscatter cross section, from the side-looking mode of the Pioneer Venus radar mapper experiment. The cross section is corrected for Venus atmospheric absorption and normalized to 45 degree incidence angle via the phenomenological Muhleman scattering function. Data are presented in simple cylindrical format, with 1024 lines (latitude) and 4096 samples (longitude)." CONFIDENCE_LEVEL_NOTE = "The data have been corrected for spacecraft timing errors, and for atmospheric attenuation." END_OBJECT = DATASETINFO OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = VENUS END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = PIXEL SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR BACKSCATTER CROSS SECTION" NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = DIMENSIONLESS END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = SCDATASET INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = P12 INSTRUMENT_ID = ORAD END_OBJECT = SCDATASET OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = MASURSKYETAL1980 END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = MUHLEMAN1964 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "RADAR ASTRONOMY" JOURNAL_NAME = "ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1964 REFERENCE_DESC = "Muhleman, D. O., Radar scattering from Venus and the Moon, Astron. J., 69,34-41, 1964." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Duane O. Muhleman" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO END_OBJECT = DATASET OBJECT = DATASET DATA_SET_ID = "P12-V-ORAD-5-RADAR-IMAGE-V1.0" OBJECT = DATASETINFO DATA_SET_NAME = "PIONEER 12 VENUS ORBITING RADAR DERIVED RADAR IMAGES V1.0" START_TIME = 1978-12-05 STOP_TIME = 1981-03-23 NATIVE_START_TIME = 'N/A' NATIVE_STOP_TIME = 'N/A' DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = IMAGE DATA_SET_RELEASE_DATE = 1988-12-01 PROCESSING_LEVEL_ID = 5 PRODUCER_FULL_NAME = "Peter G. Ford" PRODUCER_INSTITUTION_NAME = "Massachusetts Institute of Technology" SOFTWARE_FLAG = "N" DETAILED_CATALOG_FLAG = "N" PROCESSING_START_TIME = 1988-12-01 PROCESSING_STOP_TIME = 1988-12-01 DATA_SET_DESC = "This data set consists of five VICAR2 format images of Venus derived from Pioneer Venus radar altimeter measurements. Data are presented in simple cylindrical projection format. The radius image contains 1440 lines (latitude) and 2880 samples (longitude), and the others contain 1024 lines and 2048 samples. The images are as follows: (1) An image of Venus radii corrected for atmospheric delay, using the results of Kliore et al., 1985, and further corrected for orbit element estimation errors. This image represents version 3.0 of the official Project Magellan topography database. (2) Venus microwave brightness temperature, in degrees , derived from the Pioneer Venus radar altimeter planet radiance (PC) and space radiance (SC) measurements, as follows: the dataset was divided into 1 degree latitude intervals. For each interval, the average SC reading was taken to represent a measurement of the 3K cold sky. The average PC values from lowland regions were interpreted as measuring an average temperature of 735K with an emissivity of 88%. The brightness_temperature is therefore given by (735*0.88*(PC-)+3*(-PC))/(-). (3) Venus surface radar-derived Fresnel reflectivity, from radar altimeter measurements, derived by analyzing the time-sampled radar echo profile according to Hagfors' Law of near-normal-incidence scattering from a quasi-specular surface. The radar-derived Fresnel reflectivity is related to the (complex) surface bulk dielectric constant E by ((sqrt(E)-1)/(sqrt(E)+1))**2. The radar-derived Fresnel reflectivity is derived by analyzing the time-sampled radar echo profile according to Hagfors' Law of near-normal-incidence scattering from a quasi-specular surface. (4) Venus surface radar-derived Fresnel reflectivity corrected for diffuse scattering from radar altimeter and side-looking backscatter measurements. A correction is made to the radar-derived Fresnel reflectivity to account for that fraction of the incident radar beam that is reflected by sub-wavelength-sized scatterers. This component was estimated, where possible, from the Pioneer Venus radar side-looking imaging mode, and modeled by the phenomenological function g*a*R*cos(t)**1.5, where t is the scattering angle, g = 2.69 is a fitted geometrical factor, and a is the fraction of the surface covered by diffusely-scattering material. R is the true radar-derived Fresnel reflectivity. The correction is only made for that portion of the altimetric dataset that is also covered by side-looking imaging data, i.e. from about 15 degrees south to 45 degrees north latitude. (5) Venus RMS average surface slopes at meter scale, from radar altimeter measurements, derived by analyzing the time-sampled radar echo profile according to Hagfors' Law of near-normal-incidence scattering from a quasispecular surface where the specific radar cross section varies with the scattering angle t according to 0.5*R*C*(cos(t)**4+C*sin(t)**2)**(-1.5), where R is the radar-derived Fresnel reflectivity and the average slope, S (in radians), is related to the Hagfors constant C by S=1/sqrt(C)." CONFIDENCE_LEVEL_NOTE = "The radius data have been corrected for spacecraft timing errors, orbit determination errors, and for atmospheric delay. The brightness temperature, reflectivity, and corrected reflectivity data have been corrected for spacecraft timing errors, receiver filter response factors, and for atmospheric attenuation. Considerable systematic errors remain in these three images, due principally to residual spacecraft timing errors. The RMS surface slope data contain no known systematic errors, beyond those made by the assumption that the Venus surface scatters according to Hagfors' law." END_OBJECT = DATASETINFO OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = VENUS END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = PIXEL SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "PLANETARY RADIUS" NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = KILOMETER END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = PIXEL SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE" NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = "KELVIN" END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = PIXEL SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR-DERIVED FRESNEL REFLECTIVITY" NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = DIMENSIONLESS END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = PIXEL SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "PIONEER-VENUS FRESNEL REFLECTIVITY CORR" NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = DIMENSIONLESS END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = PIXEL SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR-DERIVED RMS SLOPE" NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = RADIANS END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = SCDATASET INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = P12 INSTRUMENT_ID = ORAD END_OBJECT = SCDATASET OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = 'FORD&PETTENGILL1983' END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = HAGFORS1970 END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = KLIOREETAL1985 END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = PETTENGILLETAL1980B END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = PETTENGILLETAL1983 END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = PETTENGILLETAL1988 END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO END_OBJECT = DATASET OBJECT = DATASET DATA_SET_ID = "P12-V-RSS-4-LOS-GRAVITY-V1.0" OBJECT = DATASETINFO DATA_SET_NAME = "P12 V RADIO SCIENCE SUBSYSTEM RESAMPLED LOS GRAVITY V1.0" START_TIME = 1978 STOP_TIME = 1980 NATIVE_START_TIME = 'N/A' NATIVE_STOP_TIME = 'N/A' DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = TABLE DATA_SET_RELEASE_DATE = 1990-06-15 PROCESSING_LEVEL_ID = 4 PRODUCER_FULL_NAME = "WILLIAM L. SJOGREN" PRODUCER_INSTITUTION_NAME = "JET PROPULSION LABORATORY" SOFTWARE_FLAG = "N" DETAILED_CATALOG_FLAG = "N" PROCESSING_START_TIME = 1978 PROCESSING_STOP_TIME = 1990 DATA_SET_DESC = "Line of sight (LOS) gravity data were obtained as part of the Radio Science Experiment by tracking 351 orbits of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter. The data set consists of a table with the following columns: spacecraft latitude, longitude (degrees), accelerations, and altitude (km). The acceleration data were determined from differentiation of raw Doppler residuals and are expressed as units of mm/s**2. To obtain LOS gravity in milligals, accelerations need to be multiplied by 100. An acceleration of 1.20 mm/s**2, therefore, corresponds to 120 mgal, a large gravity anomaly.\n \n An accompanying file contains ancillary data to supplement the gravity data file. The accompanying file has one record for each orbit in which LOS gravity data were acquired. Each record contains the minimum and maximum latitiude and longitude, and altitudes for the orbit, along with the subearth point latitude and longitude, and the spacecraft location and velocity in a Venus centered coordinate system. Each record also contains a pointer to the first record for that orbit in the gravity data file, and the number of records for that orbit." CONFIDENCE_LEVEL_NOTE = "There are several possible sources for error, including the Earth's troposphere and ionosphere, Venus' atmosphere, and space plasma. The noise levels were very dynamic and changed from day to day. For specific information see Sjogren et al., 1980." END_OBJECT = DATASETINFO OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = VENUS END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = PIXEL SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "LINE OF SIGHT ACCELERATION" NOISE_LEVEL = UNK DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = "MM/S**2" END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = SCDATASET INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = P12 INSTRUMENT_ID = RSS END_OBJECT = SCDATASET OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = SJOGRENETAL1980 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "VENUS GRAVITY" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1980 REFERENCE_DESC = "Sjogren, W.L., R.J. Phillips, P.W. Birkeland, R.N. Wimberly, 1980, Gravity anomalies on Venus, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 82958302." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "WILLIAM L. SJOGREN" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "R. J. PHILLIPS" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "P. W. BIRKELAND" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "R. N. WIMBERLY" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO END_OBJECT = DATASET OBJECT = DATASET DATA_SET_ID = "VO2-M-RSS-4-LOS-GRAVITY-V1.0" OBJECT = DATASETINFO DATA_SET_NAME = "VO2 MARS RADIO SCIENCE SUBSYSTEM RESAMPLED LOS GRAVITY V1.0" START_TIME = 1979 STOP_TIME = 1979 NATIVE_START_TIME = 'N/A' NATIVE_STOP_TIME = 'N/A' DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = TABLE DATA_SET_RELEASE_DATE = 1990-06-15 PROCESSING_LEVEL_ID = 4 PRODUCER_FULL_NAME = "WILLIAM L. SJOGREN" PRODUCER_INSTITUTION_NAME = "JET PROPULSION LABORATORY" SOFTWARE_FLAG = "N" DETAILED_CATALOG_FLAG = "N" PROCESSING_START_TIME = 1979 PROCESSING_STOP_TIME = 1990 DATA_SET_DESC = "Line of sight (LOS) gravity data were obtained as part of the Radio Science Experiment by tracking 79 orbits of the Viking Orbiter 2. The data set consists of a table with the following columns: spacecraft latitude, longitude (degrees), accelerations, and altitude (km). The acceleration data were determined from differentiation of raw Doppler residuals and are expressed as units of mm/s**2. To obtain LOS gravity in milligals, accelerations need to be multiplied by 100. An acceleration of 1.20 mm/s**2, therefore, corresponds to 120 mgal, a large gravity anomaly.\n \n An accompanying file contains ancillary data to supplement the gravity data file. The accompanying file has one record for each orbit in which LOS gravity data were acquired. Each record contains the minimum and maximum latitude and longitude, and altitudes for the orbit, along with the sub-earth point latitude and longitude, and the spacecraft location and velocity in a Mars centered coordinate system. Each record also contains a pointer to the first record for that orbit in the gravity data file, and the number of records for that orbit." CONFIDENCE_LEVEL_NOTE = "The data noise level was 0.01 Hz. See Sjogren, 1979." END_OBJECT = DATASETINFO OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = MARS END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = PIXEL SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "LINE OF SIGHT ACCELERATION" NOISE_LEVEL = UNK DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = "MM/S**2" END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = SCDATASET INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = VO2 INSTRUMENT_ID = RSS END_OBJECT = SCDATASET OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = SJOGREN1979 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "MARS GRAVITY" JOURNAL_NAME = "SCIENCE" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1979 REFERENCE_DESC = "Sjogren, W.L., 1979, Mars gravity: High resolution results from Viking Orbiter 2, Science, 1006-1010." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "WILLIAM L. SJOGREN" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO END_OBJECT = DATASET OBJECT = PARAMETER INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "NDC8" DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR BACKSCATTER CROSS SECTION" INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR ECHO POWER" IMPORTANT_INSTRUMENT_PARMS = 1 END_OBJECT = PARAMETER OBJECT = PARAMETER INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "ARCB" DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR SCALED ECHO POWER" INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR ECHO POWER" IMPORTANT_INSTRUMENT_PARMS = 1 END_OBJECT = PARAMETER OBJECT = PARAMETER INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "ARCB" DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR SCALED BACKSCATTER CROSS SECTION" INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR ECHO POWER" IMPORTANT_INSTRUMENT_PARMS = 1 END_OBJECT = PARAMETER OBJECT = PARAMETER INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = GSSR DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR SCALED BACKSCATTER CROSS SECTION" INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR ECHO POWER" IMPORTANT_INSTRUMENT_PARMS = 1 END_OBJECT = PARAMETER OBJECT = PARAMETER INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = GSSR DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "PLANETARY RADIUS" INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR ECHO POWER" IMPORTANT_INSTRUMENT_PARMS = 1 END_OBJECT = PARAMETER OBJECT = PARAMETER INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = GSSR DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "PLANETARY ELEVATION" INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR ECHO POWER" IMPORTANT_INSTRUMENT_PARMS = 1 END_OBJECT = PARAMETER OBJECT = PARAMETER INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "HSTK" DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR SCALED ECHO POWER" INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR ECHO POWER" IMPORTANT_INSTRUMENT_PARMS = 1 END_OBJECT = PARAMETER OBJECT = PARAMETER INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "ARCB" DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR MODEL ECHO POWER" INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR ECHO POWER" IMPORTANT_INSTRUMENT_PARMS = 1 END_OBJECT = PARAMETER OBJECT = PARAMETER INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = GSSR DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR MODEL ECHO POWER" INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR ECHO POWER" IMPORTANT_INSTRUMENT_PARMS = 1 END_OBJECT = PARAMETER OBJECT = PARAMETER INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = P12 DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE" INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = RADIANCE IMPORTANT_INSTRUMENT_PARMS = 1 END_OBJECT = PARAMETER OBJECT = PARAMETER INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = P12 DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "PLANETARY RADIUS" INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR ECHO POWER" IMPORTANT_INSTRUMENT_PARMS = 1 END_OBJECT = PARAMETER OBJECT = PARAMETER INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = P12 DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR-DERIVED RMS SLOPE" INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR ECHO POWER" IMPORTANT_INSTRUMENT_PARMS = 1 END_OBJECT = PARAMETER OBJECT = PARAMETER INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = P12 DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR-DERIVED FRESNEL REFLECTIVITY" INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR ECHO POWER" IMPORTANT_INSTRUMENT_PARMS = 1 END_OBJECT = PARAMETER OBJECT = PARAMETER INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = P12 DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "PIONEER-VENUS FRESNEL REFLECTIVITY CORRECTION" INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR ECHO POWER" IMPORTANT_INSTRUMENT_PARMS = 2 END_OBJECT = PARAMETER OBJECT = PARAMETER INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = P12 DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR BACKSCATTER CROSS SECTION" INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR ECHO POWER" IMPORTANT_INSTRUMENT_PARMS = 1 END_OBJECT = PARAMETER OBJECT = PARAMETER INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = P12 DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "LINE OF SIGHT ACCELERATION" INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RSSDETEB POWER" IMPORTANT_INSTRUMENT_PARMS = 1 END_OBJECT = PARAMETER OBJECT = PARAMETER INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = VO2 DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "LINE OF SIGHT ACCELERATION" INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RSSDETEB POWER" IMPORTANT_INSTRUMENT_PARMS = 1 END_OBJECT = PARAMETER OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD DATA_SET_OR_INSTRUMENT_PARM_NM = "RSSDETEB POWER" DATA_SET_OR_INST_PARM_DESC = "RSSDETEB Power is the power measured by the Deep Space Network antenna from the spacecraft antenna for tracking purposes." END_OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD DATA_SET_OR_INSTRUMENT_PARM_NM = "RADAR BACKSCATTER CROSS SECTION" DATA_SET_OR_INST_PARM_DESC = "Cross section values are dimensionless and correspond to the projected area of a sphere that would produce the observed backscattered power, divided by the scattering area, i.e. the pixel area." END_OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD DATA_SET_OR_INSTRUMENT_PARM_NM = "RADAR SCALED BACKSCATTER CROSS SECTION" DATA_SET_OR_INST_PARM_DESC = "Cross section values that are scaled by some procedure, such as dividing by theoretical or empirical scattering laws." END_OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD DATA_SET_OR_INSTRUMENT_PARM_NM = "RADAR SCALED ECHO POWER" DATA_SET_OR_INST_PARM_DESC = "Power of the backscattered echo, received at antenna scaled using some procedure, e.g., scaled to fit within an output dynamic range such as an integer value." END_OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD DATA_SET_OR_INSTRUMENT_PARM_NM = "PLANETARY ELEVATION" DATA_SET_OR_INST_PARM_DESC = "Height of location on a planet or satellite surface, relative to some datum, e.g. relative to sea level on Earth, or relative to 6.5 millibar atmospheric pressure height on Mars." END_OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD DATA_SET_OR_INSTRUMENT_PARM_NM = "RADAR MODEL ECHO POWER" DATA_SET_OR_INST_PARM_DESC = "Echo power predicted according to a scattering model." END_OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD DATA_SET_OR_INSTRUMENT_PARM_NM = "BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE" DATA_SET_OR_INST_PARM_DESC = "The kinetic temperature of an ideal blackbody which, if observed with the spectral response of the instrument spectral channel in question would yield the observed radiance." END_OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD DATA_SET_OR_INSTRUMENT_PARM_NM = "PLANETARY RADIUS" DATA_SET_OR_INST_PARM_DESC = "Radial distance from center of planet or satellite to given location on the surface." END_OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD DATA_SET_OR_INSTRUMENT_PARM_NM = "RADAR-DERIVED RMS SLOPE" DATA_SET_OR_INST_PARM_DESC = "The RMS average surface slope derived from radar measurements. Horizontal length scales that correspond to RMS slope estimates vary from many times the radar wavelength at small (220 deg) radar incidence angle observations (so called quasispecular regime) to approximately the radar wavelength at larger incidence angles." END_OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD DATA_SET_OR_INSTRUMENT_PARM_NM = "RADAR-DERIVED FRESNEL REFLECTIVITY" DATA_SET_OR_INST_PARM_DESC = "The Fresnel reflectivity of a surface derived by modeling backscatter crosssection as a function of surface RMS slope and Fresnel reflectivity. This value is related to the (complex) surface bulk dielectric constant E by ((sqrt(E)-1)/(sqrt(E)+1))**2." END_OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD DATA_SET_OR_INSTRUMENT_PARM_NM = "PIONEER-VENUS FRESNEL REFLECTIVITY CORR" DATA_SET_OR_INST_PARM_DESC = "For the Pioneer-Venus Orbiter Radar (ORAD) measurements, a correction to the Fresnel reflectivity that accounts for the fraction of the incident radar beam that is reflected by sub-wavelength-sized scatterers. This component was estimated, where possible, from the ORAD side looking radar imaging mode, and modeled by the phenomenological function g*a*Rf*cos(t)**1.5, where t is the scattering angle, g = 2.69 is a fitted geometrical factor, and a is the fraction of the surface covered by diffusely-scattering material. Rf is the true Fresnel reflectivity, and may be reconstructed from Fresnel reflectivity + Fresnel reflectivity correction. This correction is only available for that portion of the altimetric dataset that is also covered by side-looking imaging data, i.e. from about 15 degrees south to 45 degrees north latitude. " END_OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD DATA_SET_OR_INSTRUMENT_PARM_NM = "RADAR ECHO POWER" DATA_SET_OR_INST_PARM_DESC = "That part of the transmitted power scattered by the target and received by the radar antenna." END_OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD DATA_SET_OR_INSTRUMENT_PARM_NM = RADIANCE DATA_SET_OR_INST_PARM_DESC = "Energy flux per area per steradian received by a detector." END_OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD DATA_SET_OR_INSTRUMENT_PARM_NM = "LINE OF SIGHT ACCELERATION" DATA_SET_OR_INST_PARM_DESC = "The acceleration of the spacecraft due to planet mass anomalies, where acceleration is measured along the line of sight between the spacecraft antenna and the Deep Space Net. Obtained by tracking Doppler changes in telemetry frequency." END_OBJECT = DSINSTPARMD OBJECT = EARTHBASE EARTH_BASE_ID = GSSR OBJECT = EBINFO EARTH_BASE_INSTITUTION_NAME = "JET PROPULSION LABORATORY" INSTRUMENT_HOST_NAME = "GOLDSTONE SOLAR SYSTEM RADAR" INSTRUMENT_HOST_TYPE = "EARTH BASED" END_OBJECT = EBINFO END_OBJECT = EARTHBASE OBJECT = EARTHBASE EARTH_BASE_ID = "ARCB" OBJECT = EBINFO EARTH_BASE_INSTITUTION_NAME = "NATIONAL ASTRONOMY AND IONOSPHERIC CENTER" INSTRUMENT_HOST_NAME = "ARECIBO OBSERVATORY" INSTRUMENT_HOST_TYPE = "EARTH BASED" END_OBJECT = EBINFO END_OBJECT = EARTHBASE OBJECT = EARTHBASE EARTH_BASE_ID = "HSTK" OBJECT = EBINFO EARTH_BASE_INSTITUTION_NAME = "MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY" INSTRUMENT_HOST_NAME = "HAYSTACK OBSERVATORY" INSTRUMENT_HOST_TYPE = "EARTH BASED" END_OBJECT = EBINFO END_OBJECT = EARTHBASE OBJECT = EARTHBASE EARTH_BASE_ID = "NDC8" OBJECT = EBINFO EARTH_BASE_INSTITUTION_NAME = "JET PROPULSION LABORATORY" INSTRUMENT_HOST_NAME = "NASA DC-8 AIRCRAFT" INSTRUMENT_HOST_TYPE = "EARTH BASED" END_OBJECT = EBINFO END_OBJECT = EARTHBASE OBJECT = EBINSTRUMENT EARTH_BASE_ID = "ARCB" INSTRUMENT_ID = "RTLS" OBJECT = INSTINFO INSTRUMENT_NAME = "RADIO TELESCOPE" INSTRUMENT_TYPE = RADAR PI_PDS_USER_ID = 'N/A' NAIF_DATA_SET_ID = 'N/A' BUILD_DATE = 1974 INSTRUMENT_MASS = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_HEIGHT = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_LENGTH = 305 INSTRUMENT_WIDTH = 305 INSTRUMENT_MANUFACTURER_NAME = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_SERIAL_NUMBER = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_CALIBRATION_DESC = "Transmitter frequency calibrated with a hydrogen maser." SCIENTIFIC_OBJECTIVES_SUMMARY = "To make radar observations of planetary bodies." OPERATIONAL_CONSID_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" INSTRUMENT_DESC = "Radar system using 300 m diameter radiotelescope and associated systems for solar system exploration and other scientific studies. Operates at 12.6 and 70 cm wavelengths. System was begun in 1974 and has been through upgrades." END_OBJECT = INSTINFO OBJECT = INSTDETECT DETECTOR_ID = 'N/A' DETECTOR_TYPE = 'N/A' DETECTOR_ASPECT_RATIO = 'N/A' MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' NOMINAL_OPERATING_TEMPERATURE = 'N/A' DETECTOR_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" SENSITIVITY_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = INSTDETECT OBJECT = INSTELEC ELECTRONICS_ID = 'N/A' ELECTRONICS_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = INSTELEC OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 'N/A' FILTER_NAME = 'N/A' FILTER_TYPE = 'N/A' MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTOPTICS TELESCOPE_ID = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_FOCAL_LENGTH = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_DIAMETER = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_F_NUMBER = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_TRANSMITTANCE = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_T_NUMBER = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_T_NUMBER_ERROR = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_SERIAL_NUMBER = 'N/A' OPTICS_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = INSTOPTICS OBJECT = EBINSTLOC PLATFORM_OR_MOUNTING_NAME = 'N/A' LATITUDE = 'N/A' LONGITUDE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_MOUNTING_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = EBINSTLOC OBJECT = INSTSECTION SECTION_ID = ARCB OBJECT = INSTSECTINFO SCAN_MODE_ID = 'N/A' DATA_RATE = 'N/A' SAMPLE_BITS = 'N/A' TOTAL_FOVS = 'N/A' OBJECT = INSTSECTFOVS FOV_SHAPE_NAME = 'N/A' HORIZONTAL_PIXEL_FOV = 'N/A' VERTICAL_PIXEL_FOV = 'N/A' HORIZONTAL_FOV = 'N/A' VERTICAL_FOV = 'N/A' FOVS = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFOVS END_OBJECT = INSTSECTINFO OBJECT = INSTSECTPARM INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR ECHO POWER" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER = 'N/A' NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_UNIT = WATTS SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = TIME MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = SECOND END_OBJECT = INSTSECTPARM OBJECT = INSTSECTDET DETECTOR_ID = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTDET OBJECT = INSTSECTELEC ELECTRONICS_ID = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTELEC OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTOPTC TELESCOPE_ID = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTOPTC END_OBJECT = INSTSECTION OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = 'N/A' GAIN_MODE_ID = 'N/A' DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = ARCB END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = CAMPBELLETAL1989 END_OBJECT = INSTREFINFO END_OBJECT = EBINSTRUMENT OBJECT = EBINSTRUMENT EARTH_BASE_ID = GSSR INSTRUMENT_ID = "RTLS" OBJECT = INSTINFO INSTRUMENT_NAME = "RADIO TELESCOPE" INSTRUMENT_TYPE = RADAR PI_PDS_USER_ID = 'N/A' NAIF_DATA_SET_ID = 'N/A' BUILD_DATE = 1961 INSTRUMENT_MASS = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_HEIGHT = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_LENGTH = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_WIDTH = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_MANUFACTURER_NAME = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_SERIAL_NUMBER = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_CALIBRATION_DESC = "Transmitter frequency calibration with a hydrogen maser." SCIENTIFIC_OBJECTIVES_SUMMARY = "To support exploration of the solar system, including support for independent radar observations and the acquisition of precursor data to support mission studies for future planetary flight projects." OPERATIONAL_CONSID_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" INSTRUMENT_DESC = "70 m diameter Goldstone Solar System Radar and associated systems for use in NASA Deep Space Network and for radar observations of solar system objects. Through use of time delay-Doppler techniques, the GSSR has been used to generate images and altimetry maps of Venus at 12.5 to 12.9 cm wavelengths. The GSSR has also been used to generate images of Mercury, and altimetric profiles and scattering characteristics for tracks near the equators of Mercury and Mars. The GSSR has employed various antennas in the Goldstone complex at various times. When operated in the bistatic mode the configuration used DSS-14 and DSS-13. The tristatic system added DSS-11 as the third station in 1977 and continued its use through 1980. In 1982 the 26m network (DSS-11) was closed and DSS-12 (a 34m antenna) was added to form the third station. This configuration continued through the 1990 imaging set. The transmitter radiates 400 kw continuously and can be modulated by a wide range of binary phase codes to achieve range resolution. The digital system used to process the data could provide resolution to 5.1 microseconds. The system that began in 1986 provides 0.375 microseconds resolution." END_OBJECT = INSTINFO OBJECT = INSTDETECT DETECTOR_ID = 'N/A' DETECTOR_TYPE = 'N/A' DETECTOR_ASPECT_RATIO = 'N/A' MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' NOMINAL_OPERATING_TEMPERATURE = 'N/A' DETECTOR_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" SENSITIVITY_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = INSTDETECT OBJECT = INSTELEC ELECTRONICS_ID = 'N/A' ELECTRONICS_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = INSTELEC OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 'N/A' FILTER_NAME = 'N/A' FILTER_TYPE = 'N/A' MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTOPTICS TELESCOPE_ID = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_FOCAL_LENGTH = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_DIAMETER = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_F_NUMBER = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_TRANSMITTANCE = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_T_NUMBER = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_T_NUMBER_ERROR = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_SERIAL_NUMBER = 'N/A' OPTICS_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = INSTOPTICS OBJECT = EBINSTLOC PLATFORM_OR_MOUNTING_NAME = 'N/A' LATITUDE = 'N/A' LONGITUDE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_MOUNTING_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = EBINSTLOC OBJECT = INSTSECTION SECTION_ID = GSSR OBJECT = INSTSECTINFO SCAN_MODE_ID = 'N/A' DATA_RATE = 'N/A' SAMPLE_BITS = 'N/A' TOTAL_FOVS = 'N/A' OBJECT = INSTSECTFOVS FOV_SHAPE_NAME = 'N/A' HORIZONTAL_PIXEL_FOV = 'N/A' VERTICAL_PIXEL_FOV = 'N/A' HORIZONTAL_FOV = 'N/A' VERTICAL_FOV = 'N/A' FOVS = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFOVS END_OBJECT = INSTSECTINFO OBJECT = INSTSECTPARM INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR ECHO POWER" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER = 'N/A' NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_UNIT = WATTS SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = TIME MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = SECOND END_OBJECT = INSTSECTPARM OBJECT = INSTSECTDET DETECTOR_ID = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTDET OBJECT = INSTSECTELEC ELECTRONICS_ID = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTELEC OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTOPTC TELESCOPE_ID = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTOPTC END_OBJECT = INSTSECTION OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = 'N/A' GAIN_MODE_ID = 'N/A' DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = GSSR END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = JURGENSETAL1980 END_OBJECT = INSTREFINFO END_OBJECT = EBINSTRUMENT OBJECT = EBINSTRUMENT EARTH_BASE_ID = "HSTK" INSTRUMENT_ID = "RTLS" OBJECT = INSTINFO INSTRUMENT_NAME = "RADIO TELESCOPE" INSTRUMENT_TYPE = RADAR PI_PDS_USER_ID = 'N/A' NAIF_DATA_SET_ID = 'N/A' BUILD_DATE = 1968 INSTRUMENT_MASS = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_HEIGHT = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_LENGTH = 36 INSTRUMENT_WIDTH = 36 INSTRUMENT_MANUFACTURER_NAME = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_SERIAL_NUMBER = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_CALIBRATION_DESC = "Transmitter frequency calibrated with a hydrogen maser." SCIENTIFIC_OBJECTIVES_SUMMARY = "To make radar observations of planetary bodies." OPERATIONAL_CONSID_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" INSTRUMENT_DESC = "The Haystack observatory system is used for a variety of scientific objectives. It consists of a 36 meter diameter parabolic antenna, 500 kilowatt radar transmitter, 3.8 centimeter maser amplifier receiver, hydrogen-maser time standard for frequency and timing control, and a CDC-3300 computer for real-time data recording." END_OBJECT = INSTINFO OBJECT = INSTDETECT DETECTOR_ID = 'N/A' DETECTOR_TYPE = 'N/A' DETECTOR_ASPECT_RATIO = 'N/A' MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' NOMINAL_OPERATING_TEMPERATURE = 'N/A' DETECTOR_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" SENSITIVITY_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = INSTDETECT OBJECT = INSTELEC ELECTRONICS_ID = 'N/A' ELECTRONICS_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = INSTELEC OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 'N/A' FILTER_NAME = 'N/A' FILTER_TYPE = 'N/A' MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTOPTICS TELESCOPE_ID = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_FOCAL_LENGTH = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_DIAMETER = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_F_NUMBER = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_TRANSMITTANCE = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_T_NUMBER = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_T_NUMBER_ERROR = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_SERIAL_NUMBER = 'N/A' OPTICS_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = INSTOPTICS OBJECT = EBINSTLOC PLATFORM_OR_MOUNTING_NAME = 'N/A' LATITUDE = 'N/A' LONGITUDE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_MOUNTING_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = EBINSTLOC OBJECT = INSTSECTION SECTION_ID = HSTK OBJECT = INSTSECTINFO SCAN_MODE_ID = 'N/A' DATA_RATE = 'N/A' SAMPLE_BITS = 'N/A' TOTAL_FOVS = 'N/A' OBJECT = INSTSECTFOVS FOV_SHAPE_NAME = 'N/A' HORIZONTAL_PIXEL_FOV = 'N/A' VERTICAL_PIXEL_FOV = 'N/A' HORIZONTAL_FOV = 'N/A' VERTICAL_FOV = 'N/A' FOVS = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFOVS END_OBJECT = INSTSECTINFO OBJECT = INSTSECTPARM INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR ECHO POWER" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER = 'N/A' NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_UNIT = WATTS SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = TIME MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = SECOND END_OBJECT = INSTSECTPARM OBJECT = INSTSECTDET DETECTOR_ID = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTDET OBJECT = INSTSECTELEC ELECTRONICS_ID = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTELEC OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTOPTC TELESCOPE_ID = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTOPTC END_OBJECT = INSTSECTION OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = 'N/A' GAIN_MODE_ID = 'N/A' DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = HSTK END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = ZISKETAL1974 END_OBJECT = INSTREFINFO END_OBJECT = EBINSTRUMENT OBJECT = EBINSTRUMENT EARTH_BASE_ID = "NDC8" INSTRUMENT_ID = ASAR OBJECT = INSTINFO INSTRUMENT_NAME = AIRSAR INSTRUMENT_TYPE = RADAR PI_PDS_USER_ID = 'N/A' NAIF_DATA_SET_ID = 'N/A' BUILD_DATE = 1987 INSTRUMENT_MASS = 2500 INSTRUMENT_HEIGHT = 0.6 INSTRUMENT_LENGTH = 1.2 INSTRUMENT_WIDTH = 1.2 INSTRUMENT_MANUFACTURER_NAME = "JET PROPULSION LABORATORY" INSTRUMENT_SERIAL_NUMBER = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_DESC = "AIRSAR is a synthetic aperture radar that operates in a polarimetric mode in C (5.66 cm), L (23.98 cm) and P (68.13 cm) wavelengths." SCIENTIFIC_OBJECTIVES_SUMMARY = "AIRSAR is a prototype of the radar that will fly on the Earth Observing System. The multifrequency, full polarimetric capability is typically augmented by acquiring multiple incidence angle views of a scene. Data are used to evaluate utility of polarimetric SAR in multiple frequency and incidence angle domains." INSTRUMENT_CALIBRATION_DESC = "Calibration is provided by on-board systems and by use of corner reflectors located in scenes." OPERATIONAL_CONSID_DESC = "AIRSAR flies on NASA's DC-8." END_OBJECT = INSTINFO OBJECT = INSTDETECT DETECTOR_ID = 'N/A' DETECTOR_TYPE = 'N/A' DETECTOR_ASPECT_RATIO = 'N/A' MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' NOMINAL_OPERATING_TEMPERATURE = 'N/A' DETECTOR_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" SENSITIVITY_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = INSTDETECT OBJECT = INSTELEC ELECTRONICS_ID = 'N/A' ELECTRONICS_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = INSTELEC OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 'N/A' FILTER_NAME = 'N/A' FILTER_TYPE = 'N/A' MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 'N/A' MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTOPTICS TELESCOPE_ID = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_FOCAL_LENGTH = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_DIAMETER = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_F_NUMBER = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_TRANSMITTANCE = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_T_NUMBER = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_T_NUMBER_ERROR = 'N/A' TELESCOPE_SERIAL_NUMBER = 'N/A' OPTICS_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = INSTOPTICS OBJECT = EBINSTLOC PLATFORM_OR_MOUNTING_NAME = 'N/A' LATITUDE = 'N/A' LONGITUDE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_MOUNTING_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" END_OBJECT = EBINSTLOC OBJECT = INSTSECTION SECTION_ID = ASAR OBJECT = INSTSECTINFO SCAN_MODE_ID = 'N/A' DATA_RATE = 'N/A' SAMPLE_BITS = 'N/A' TOTAL_FOVS = 'N/A' OBJECT = INSTSECTFOVS FOV_SHAPE_NAME = 'N/A' HORIZONTAL_PIXEL_FOV = 'N/A' VERTICAL_PIXEL_FOV = 'N/A' HORIZONTAL_FOV = 'N/A' VERTICAL_FOV = 'N/A' FOVS = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFOVS END_OBJECT = INSTSECTINFO OBJECT = INSTSECTPARM INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADAR ECHO POWER" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER = 'N/A' NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_UNIT = WATTS SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = TIME MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = SECOND END_OBJECT = INSTSECTPARM OBJECT = INSTSECTDET DETECTOR_ID = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTDET OBJECT = INSTSECTELEC ELECTRONICS_ID = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTELEC OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTOPTC TELESCOPE_ID = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTOPTC END_OBJECT = INSTSECTION OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = 'N/A' GAIN_MODE_ID = 'N/A' DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "NOT APPLICABLE" OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = ASAR END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = ZEBKERETAL1987 END_OBJECT = INSTREFINFO END_OBJECT = EBINSTRUMENT OBJECT = MISSION MISSION_NAME = "PIONEER" OBJECT = MSNINFO MISSION_START_DATE = 1978-05-20 MISSION_STOP_DATE = UNK MISSION_ALIAS_NAME = "PIONEER 12" MISSION_DESC = "Launched from Kennedy Space Center, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter completed its 300-million-mile voyage in 6-plus months and was placed into Venusian orbit on December 4, 1978, less than a week before the arrival of the Pioneer Venus Multiprobe system. The Orbiter's radar provided altimetry maps for nearly all of the surface of Venus, resolving features down to about 50 kilometers across, in addition to providing SAR images using a side-looking mode." MISSION_OBJECTIVES_SUMMARY = "The mission objectives were to: (1) investigate the clouds of Venus; (2) measure the characteristics of the upper atmosphere and the ionosphere over the entire planet and detect how the solar wind interacts with the ionosphere; (3) obtain information about the planet's surface by using a radar instrument to penetrate the Venusian cloud layers; (4) determine general shape of the gravitational field of Venus and detect local anomalies in the field by measuring how the field affects the orbit of the spacecraft." OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO SPACECRAFT_ID = P12 TARGET_NAME = VENUS MISSION_PHASE_TYPE = PRELAUNCH SPACECRAFT_OPERATIONS_TYPE = ORBITER MISSION_PHASE_START_TIME = 1968-06-01 MISSION_PHASE_STOP_TIME = 1978-05-20T13:13:00Z MISSION_PHASE_DESC = "The spacecraft was delivered to the launch site at Kennedy Space Center on March 14, 1978." END_OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO SPACECRAFT_ID = P12 TARGET_NAME = VENUS MISSION_PHASE_TYPE = LAUNCH SPACECRAFT_OPERATIONS_TYPE = ORBITER MISSION_PHASE_START_TIME = 1978-05-20T13:13:00Z MISSION_PHASE_STOP_TIME = 1978-05-21 MISSION_PHASE_DESC = "The spacecraft was launched atop an Atlas-Centaur from Kennedy Space Center." END_OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO SPACECRAFT_ID = P12 TARGET_NAME = VENUS MISSION_PHASE_TYPE = CRUISE SPACECRAFT_OPERATIONS_TYPE = ORBITER MISSION_PHASE_START_TIME = 1978-05-21 MISSION_PHASE_STOP_TIME = 1978-12-04 MISSION_PHASE_DESC = "Two small trajectory correction maneuvers were made on June 1 and November 2, 1978. Interplanetary cruise scientific data were collected. The Pioneer Venus Orbiter completed its 300-millionmile voyage in 6+ months and was placed into Venusian orbit on December 4, 1978." END_OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO SPACECRAFT_ID = P12 TARGET_NAME = VENUS MISSION_PHASE_TYPE = ORBITAL SPACECRAFT_OPERATIONS_TYPE = ORBITER MISSION_PHASE_START_TIME = 1978-12-04 MISSION_PHASE_STOP_TIME = UNK MISSION_PHASE_DESC = "The orbiter was placed into Venusian orbit on December 4, 1978, less than a week before the arrival of the Pioneer Venus Multiprobe. The planned mission ended August 4, 1979, and the extended mission began August 5, 1979. Two extended mission phases of 243 days each were planned, and were initiated on April 3, 1980, and December 2, 1980." END_OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO END_OBJECT = MSNINFO OBJECT = MSNREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = COLIN1980 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "Pioneer Venus" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1980 REFERENCE_DESC = "Colin, L., The Pioneer Venus program, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 7575-7578, 1980." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "LAWRENCE COLIN" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = MSNREFINFO END_OBJECT = MISSION OBJECT = SPACECRAFT SPACECRAFT_ID = "P12" OBJECT = SCINFO LAUNCH_DATE = 1978-05-20 INSTRUMENT_HOST_NAME = "PIONEER VENUS ORBITER" INSTRUMENT_HOST_TYPE = "SPACECRAFT" SPACECRAFT_DESC = "The main body of the spacecraft is a flat cylinder 2.5 meters in diameter and 1.2 meters high. In the upper end of this cylinder there is a circular equipment shelf with an area of 4.37 square meters on which all the scientific instruments and electronic subsystems are mounted. The shelf is mounted on the forward end of a thrust tube that connects the spacecraft to the launch vehicle. Below the shelf, 15 thermal louvers control heat radiation from an equipment compartment located between the shelf and the top of the spacecraft. A cylindrical solar array attached to the shelf by 24 brackets forms the circumference of the flat cylinder of the spacecraft. On top of the spacecraft, a 1.09 meter diameter, despun, high-gain, parabolic dish antenna is mounted on a mast so that its line of sight clears equipment mounted outside the spacecraft. The despun design allows the antenna to be mechanically directed to Earth from the spinning spacecraft. The antenna operates at S- and X-bands. The spacecraft also carries a solid propellant rocket motor. Including the antenna mast, the Orbiter is almost 4.5 meters high, and it weighed 553 kg when launched. The launch weight included 45 kg of scientific instruments and 179 kg of rocket propellant." END_OBJECT = SCINFO OBJECT = PLATFORM PLATFORM_OR_MOUNTING_NAME = "PIONEER VENUS ORBITER" PLATFORM_OR_MOUNTING_DESC = "See spacecraft description" END_OBJECT = PLATFORM OBJECT = SCREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = FIMMELETAL1983 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "SPACECRAFT DESCRIPTION" JOURNAL_NAME = 'N/A' PUBLICATION_DATE = 1983 REFERENCE_DESC = "Fimmel, Richard O., Lawrence Colin, and Eric Burgess, Pioneer Venus, NASA SP-461, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D. C., 1983." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Richard O. Fimmel" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Lawrence Colin" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Eric Burgess" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = SCREFINFO OBJECT = SCREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = COLIN1980 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "MISSION SCIENCE" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1980 REFERENCE_DESC = "Colin, L., The Pioneer Venus program, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 7575-7598, 1980." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "Lawrence Colin" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = SCREFINFO END_OBJECT = SPACECRAFT OBJECT = SCINSTRUMENT SPACECRAFT_ID = P12 INSTRUMENT_ID = ORAD OBJECT = INSTINFO INSTRUMENT_NAME = "Orbiting Radar" INSTRUMENT_TYPE = "RADAR MAPPER" PI_PDS_USER_ID = PFORD NAIF_DATA_SET_ID = 'N/A' BUILD_DATE = 1977 INSTRUMENT_MASS = 9.7 INSTRUMENT_HEIGHT = 0.165 INSTRUMENT_LENGTH = 0.24 INSTRUMENT_WIDTH = 0.305 INSTRUMENT_MANUFACTURER_NAME = "Hughes Aircraft" INSTRUMENT_SERIAL_NUMBER = "5970-02" INSTRUMENT_DESC = "The Pioneer Venus radar mapper consisted of a 38 cm antenna and a radar transmitter/receiver, and was flown on the Pioneer 12 orbiter. It functioned continuously from December 5th 1978 until March 23 1981 when it was switched off because spacecraft periapsis had risen