810-005, Rev. E
DSMS Telecommunications Link
Design Handbook

105, Rev. A
Atmospheric and Environmental Effects
December 15, 2002
                                        
Prepared by:                 Approved by:

-----------------------      -----------------------
S.D. Slobin        Date      A.J. Freiley       Date
Antenna System Engineer      Antenna Product Domain Service
                             System Development Engineer

Released by:
[Signature on file in TMOD Library]
------------------------
TMOD Document Release Date


Change Log
Rev           Issue Date               Affected Paragraphs       Change Summary
Initial       1/15/2001                All                       All
A             12/15/2002               All                       Provides monthly weather statistics
                                                                 for all stations and frequency bands

Note to Readers 
There are two sets of document histories in the 810-005 document, and these
histories are reflected in the header at the top of the page. First, the entire document is
periodically released as a revision when major changes affect a majority of the modules. For
example, this module is part of 810-005, Revision E. Second, the individual modules also
change, starting as an initial issue that has no revision letter. When a module is changed, a
change letter is appended to the module number on the second line of the header and a summary
of the changes is entered in the module's change log.                                        
                                

Contents 
Paragraph                                                                                             Page
1 Introduction.......................................................................................... 6
1.1 Purpose............................................................................................. 6
1.2 Scope............................................................................................... 6
2 General Information .................................................................................. 7
2.1 Atmospheric Attenuation and Noise Temperature....................................................... 7
2.1.1 Calculation of Mean Atmospheric Physical Temperature............................................. 10
2.1.2 Elevation Angle Modeling......................................................................... 10
2.1.3 Calculation of Noise Temperature From Attenuation ............................................... 10
2.1.4 Cosmic Background Adjustment..................................................................... 11
2.1.5 Example of Use of Attenuation Statistics to Calculate Atmospheric
      Noise Temperature, T_atm(theta, CD), and T_op(theta, CD) ........................................ 12
2.1.6 Best/Worst Month Ranges of Atmospheric Noise Temperature and Attenuation......................... 12
2.2 Rainfall Statistics................................................................................ 13
2.3 Wind Loading....................................................................................... 14
2.4 Hot Body Noise .................................................................................... 14
2.4.1 Solar Noise...................................................................................... 14
2.4.2 Lunar Noise...................................................................................... 17
2.4.3 Planetary Noise ................................................................................. 18
2.4.4 Galactic Noise .................................................................................. 19

Illustrations
Figure                                                                                                Page
1. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at L- & S-Band, Goldstone DSCC..... 20
2. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at L- & S-Band, Canberra DSCC...... 21
3. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at L- & S-Band, Madrid DSCC........ 22
4. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at X-Band, Goldstone DSCC.......... 23
5. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at X-Band, Canberra DSCC........... 24
6. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at X-Band, Madrid DSCC............. 25
7. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at Ka-Band, Goldstone DSCC......... 26
8. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at Ka-Band, Canberra DSCC.......... 27
9. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at Ka-Band, Madrid DSCC............ 28
10. Probability Distribution of Wind Conditions at Goldstone........................................... 29
11. Solar Radio Flux at 2800 MHz (10.7 cm wavelength) During Solar Cycle 23 (1996-2007)................ 30
12. DSS 15 HEF Antenna X-Band System Noise Temperature Increases Due to the Sun at Various Offset 
    Angles, Showing Larger Increases Perpendicular to Quadripod Directions............................. 31
13. DSS 16 S-Band Total System Noise Temperature at Various Offset Angles from the Sun................. 32
14. DSS 12 S-Band Total System Noise Temperature at Various Declination and Cross-Declination Offsets 
    from the Sun....................................................................................... 33
15. DSS 12 X-Band Total System Noise Temperature at Various Declination and Cross-Declination Offsets 
    from the Sun....................................................................................... 34
16. DSS 13 Beam-Waveguide Antenna X-Band Noise Temperature Increase Versus Offset Angle, March 1996.... 35
17. DSS 13 Beam-Waveguide Antenna Ka-Band Noise Temperature Increase Versus Offset Angle, March 1996... 35
18. Total S-Band System Noise Temperature for 70-m Antennas Tracking Spacecraft Near the Sun 
    (Derived from 64-m Measurements)................................................................... 36
19. X-Band Noise Temperature Increase for 70-m Antennas as a Function of Sun-Earth-Probe Angle, 
    Nominal Sun, 23,000 K Disk Temperature............................................................. 37

Tables
Table                                                                                                 Page
1. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at L- & S-Bands for Goldstone DSCC. 38
2. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at L- & S-Bands for Canberra DSCC.. 39
3. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at L- & S-Bands for Madrid DSCC.... 40
4. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at X-Band for Goldstone DSCC....... 41
5. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at X-Band for Canberra DSCC........ 42
6. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at X-Band for Madrid DSCC.......... 43
7. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at Ka-Band for Goldstone DSCC...... 44
8. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at Ka-Band for Canberra DSCC ...... 45
9. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at Ka-Band for Madrid DSCC......... 46
10. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at L- and S-Bands for Goldstone DSCC.... 47
11. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at L- and S-Bands for Canberra DSCC .... 48
12. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at L- and S-Bands for Madrid DSCC....... 49
13. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at X-Band for Goldstone DSCC............ 50
14. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at X-Band for Canberra DSCC............. 51
15. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at X-Band for Madrid DSCC............... 52
16. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at Ka-Band for Goldstone DSCC........... 53
17. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at Ka-Band for Canberra DSCC............ 54
18. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at Ka-Band for Madrid DSCC.............. 55
19. Monthly and Year-Average Rainfall Amounts at the DSN Antenna Locations............................. 56
20. Parameters for X-Band Planetary Noise Calculation, plus X-Band and Ka-Band Noise Temperatures 
    at Mean Minimum Distance from Earth................................................................ 57   
   
   
1     Introduction

1.1   Purpose
      This module provides sufficient information concerning
atmospheric, environmental, and extraterrestrial effects to enable a flight project
to design a telecommunications link at the L-, S-, X, and Ka-band
frequencies used by the DSN.

1.2 Scope

          Statistics of atmospheric attenuation and noise temperature at each
tracking antenna site are presented for those microwave frequencies used by the
DSN. In this module, the values of attenuation and noise temperature increase
are given relative to a no-atmosphere (vacuum) condition thus, this
presentation is compatible for use with the vacuum gain and noise temperature
presentations of antenna performance given in modules 101 for 70-m antennas,
102 for 26-m antennas, 103 for 34-m high-efficiency (HEF) antennas, and 104 for
34-m beam-waveguide (BWG) antennas.

          Statistics of wind speed at Goldstone are given. These are used both
to determine the statistics of antenna gain reduction due to wind loading and
also to ascertain the percentage of time an antenna will be unusable due to
excessive wind speed.

         Extraterrestrial effects are primarily the increased system noise
temperature due to hot body noise from the Sun, Moon, planets, and galactic
radio sources. These effects are significant only when the antenna beam is in
the vicinity of these noise sources during tracking of spacecraft.

Charged-particle effects are given in module 106, Solar Corona and
Solar Wind Effects.


2 General Information

2.1 Atmospheric Attenuation and Noise Temperature

          The principal sources of atmospheric attenuation and noise
temperature weather effects are oxygen, water vapor, clouds, and rain. These
two effects are related, and higher atmospheric attenuation produces a higher
noise contribution. Also, atmospheric effects generally increase with
increasing frequency. Ka-band effects are larger than X-band effects, which
are larger than S-band and L-band effects.

         In the 810-005 antenna performance modules (modules 101, 102, 103, and
104), effective antenna gain (vacuum gain minus atmospheric attenuation) is
presented in the figures for various atmospheric attenuation values. Strictly
speaking, the gain of an antenna is not a function of atmospheric attenuation;
however for stand-alone use, the effective gain, including atmospheric loss, is
a useful concept, and the expressions for gain in the appendices of those
modules include a term for atmospheric attenuation. Similarly, system operating
noise temperature as presented in the appendices of those modules also includes
a term for atmospheric noise contribution, although the antenna temperature (due
to spillover, LNA contribution, waveguide loss, etc.) is also not a function of
atmosphere contribution. The vacuum system noise temperature as given in those
modules includes the nearly constant contribution from the cosmic background,
which adds to the basic antenna temperature value.

         Design control tables used for telecommunications link design
typically carry separate entries for atmospheric attenuation of the received or
transmitted signal and atmospheric noise contribution as a function of elevation
angle and weather condition. It is important in those DCTs that the antenna gain
and system operating noise temperature values reflect the vacuum performance of
the antenna, so as to prevent double-bookkeeping of the atmospheric attenuation
and noise temperature contributions.

          The atmospheric models presented here give L-band (1.7 GHz), S-band
(2.3 GHz), X-band (8.4 GHz), and Ka-band (32.0 GHz) atmospheric noise
temperature and attenuation statistics in the form of cumulative distributions
(CDs) for each effect. A cumulative distribution of 0.90 (90% weather) means
that 90% of the time a particular weather effect (noise temperature or
attenuation) is less than or equal to a given value. Conversely, that
particular effect is exceeded only 10% of the time. Qualitatively, the weather
conditions associated with selected cumulative distributions are described as
follows:

         CD  =  0.00  clear dry, lowest weather effect
         CD  =  0.25  average clear weather
         CD  =  0.50  clear humid, or very light clouds
         CD  =  0.90  very cloudy, no rain
         CD  >  0.95  very cloudy, rain

          By their very natures, clouds and rain are poorly modeled, and the
water vapor radiometer data used here are sparse for the larger weather
effects, which are exceeded only 5% of the time.

         The Ka-band model presented here is based on actual water vapor
radiometer noise temperature measurements made at 31.4 GHz at all three DSN
sites (Goldstone, Canberra, and Madrid). Used in the modeling were 66 months of
Goldstone data covering the period October 1993 through August 2002, 35 months
of Canberra data covering the period June 1999 through August 2002, and 112
months of Madrid data covering the period September 1990 through August 2002.
There were missing months of data from each station. Note also that different
numbers of months of data went into the model for each of the separate months
(e.g., there may have been 6 Februaries, but only 4 Marches). It is felt that
because of the large amount of Madrid data (more than 9 years), the results will
fairly accurately represent true long-term statistics. The 5-1/2 years of
Goldstone data will give a moderately accurate long-term model. The three years
of Canberra data will probably not give a very accurate long-term model, and
future updates of the Canberra model are likely to show relatively large changes
in the distributions. Cumulative distributions at 31.4 GHz for each of the 12
months were calculated, then increased by 0.3 K (the oxygen-only difference due
to frequency) to create a model for 32 GHz. A year-average model was developed
by calculating the average noise temperature of all the 12 months, at each CD
level.

          L-/S-band and X-band statistics were created from the Ka-band (32
GHz) statistics by subtracting out the 0% CD baseline (calculated for
nominal temperatures and pressures, with 0% relative humidity), frequency
squaring to the appropriate frequency (for example, [8.42/32.0]^2 ) and then 
adding in the 0% CD baseline at the new frequency. Note that the 0% CD 
baselines for the DSN sites differ because of different heights above
sea level.

          Atmospheric attenuation statistics were created from the noise
temperature statistics by methods given in Sections 2.1.1 and 2.1.3 below.
The year-average attenuation statistics were calculated from the year-average
noise temperature values rather than by calculating the average of all the
monthly attenuations. These two methods give very slightly different results.

         It should be noted that although the noise temperature statistics are
the best qualitative measures for comparison of different locations and
different frequencies, especially when dealing with low-noise systems (where the
atmospheric noise is a large part of the total system noise temperature), the
basic data base of atmospheric effects is actually the attenuation statistics.
Given a station location, frequency, and CD of interest, the attenuation data
base value is extracted, modeled to the elevation angle of interest (Section
2.1.2), and then the appropriate atmospheric noise temperature is calculated
(Section 2.1.3). In this way, the original zenith noise temperature statistics
(Tables 1 through 9) can be re-calculated from the zenith attenuation values
(Tables 10 through 18) using the method given in Section 2.1.3.

          The atmospheric models thus generated for a particular complex (for
example, Goldstone) should be used for all antennas at that complex (for
example, DSS 14, DSS 15, DSS 24, etc.), regardless of the small altitude
differences among the antennas.
         Zenith atmospheric noise temperature statistics for the three DSN
sites at S-band are provided in Tables 1 through 3. Tables 4 through 6 provide
similar statistics for X-band and Tables 7 through 9 cover Ka-band. The tables
include the maximum and minimum value for each CD level, the year average for
that CD level and the average value for each month. These noise temperature
statistics should be used only in a qualitative sense to describe the relative
levels of atmospheric noise contributions at different locations and cumulative
distributions. They should not be used for elevation modeling as this is
properly performed using the calculated attenuation at a given elevation angle
as a starting point and following the process that is described below.

         The use of these statistics depends on the context in which the
antenna temperature is stated. When a nominal antenna zenith T_op (operating
system noise temperature) is stated, it is considered to include the CD = 25%
(average clear sky) value for the appropriate frequency and location. However,
"vacuum" antenna temperatures are sometimes used to describe the performance of
an antenna independent of location. In this case the operating system noise
temperature should be referred to as T_(op, vac).

          Tables 10 through 18 provide similar presentations for zenith
atmospheric attenuation. It can be noted that the L-/S-band attenuations do
not monotonically increase as a function of CD, whereas the corresponding
noise temperatures do. This is an artifact of the relationship between the
modeled mean physical temperature of the atmosphere and the noise temperature
used to calculate the corresponding attenuation. This relationship is seen
below. In any case, the atmospheric effect at L-/S-band is nearly constant (to
within 0.1 K and 0.003 dB over the CD range from 0% to 90%), and this small
anomaly does not contribute to significant errors in modeling
telecommunications performance.

          The tolerances of atmospheric noise temperature and attenuation, as
given in Tables 1 through 18, should be considered to be 5% of the stated
values at zenith, or 5% of the values calculated for elevation angles other
than zenith. (see Section 2.1.5, below).

         Figures 1, 2, and 3 show the L-/S-band noise temperature statistics
for Goldstone, Canberra, and Madrid respectively. Figures 4, 5, and 6 show X-
band statistics for the three complexes. Figures 7, 8, and 9 provide the Ka-band
statistics. On each figure, the year-average cumulative distribution, the
minimum envelope value, and the maximum envelope values are given for all the
individual months at each CD value stated in Tables 1-9. The year-average model
from the previous revision of module 105 (dated November 30, 2000) is also given
to aid the user in assessing the changes from one model to the next. Curves of
zenith attenuation are not given, although using a rule-of thumb that a medium
with 1 dB attenuation radiates a noise temperature of approximately 60 K, the Ka-
band curves can be used to make rough estimates of the zenith attenuation at the
various frequencies. This relationship is nearly linear over the range from 0 to
1 dB.

          For Ka-band, using 90% CD as a reference point, it is seen
qualitatively that the Goldstone year-average model shows better weather than
the previous module 105 presented; Canberra shows identical weather, although
better at higher CDs; and Madrid slightly worse at 90% and slightly better
above 96%.
          For other nearby frequencies within the L-, S-, X-, and Ka-bands,
the weather-effects models presented here should be used without modification.

2.1.1 Calculation of Mean Atmospheric Physical Temperature
         The mean physical temperature of the atmosphere is modeled to be a
function of weather condition, or cumulative distribution. This reflects the
assumption that those effects that are of larger value (for example, high noise
temperature) occur closer to the surface and hence are at a higher average
physical temperature than those that have a lesser effect. The mean atmospheric
physical temperature is modeled as

T_p = 255 + 25 x CD , K                  (1)                                            
where                                                         
CD = cumulative distribution of weather effect (0.0 <= CD <= 0.99).
Note that the maximum value of T_p thus becomes nearly 280 K.  

2.1.2  Elevation Angle Modeling                               
         Only the attenuation should be modeled as a function of elevation 
angle. The atmospheric noise temperature contribution at any elevation angle 
can be calculated from the modeled attenuation at that elevation angle. 
Elevation angle modeling can be performed using either a flat-Earth or a 
round-Earth model. A flat-Earth model is used here, wherein the attenuation 
increases with decreasing elevation angle:

A(theta) = A_zen x AM = A_zen/sin(theta), dB   (2)
where
theta = elevation angle of antenna beam
A_zen = zenith atmospheric attenuation (dB), as given in Tables 10 through 18
AM = number of air masses (1.0 at zenith)

The flat-Earth approximation produces a slightly higher attenuation
then would be obtained with a round-Earth model for low elevation angles but is
valid to within 1% to 3% at a 6-deg elevation angle, depending on the frequency
and the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.

2.1.3 Calculation of Noise Temperature From Attenuation
          An attenuating atmosphere creates a noise temperature contribution
to ground antenna system temperature. The atmospheric noise temperature at
any elevation angle (theta) is calculated from the attenuation by
T_atm(theta) = T_p[1 - 1/(L(theta))], K   (3)
where
T = mean physical temperature of atmosphere (K), calculated above
L(theta) = loss factor of atmosphere = 10^(A(theta)/10)
A(theta) = atmospheric attentuation at any elevation angle (dB), calculated above
Note that typical values of L range from about 1.01 to 2.0

2.1.4 Cosmic Background Adjustment

          The noise temperature contribution of the cosmic background is
reduced by atmospheric attenuation. For the bands of interest, the effective
cosmic background noise before atmospheric attenuation is
T_c = 2.7 (L-band and S-band)
    = 2.5 (X-band)
    = 2.0 (Ka-band)

With atmosphere, the effective cosmic background effect is
T'_c(theta) = T_c/(L(theta)), K   (4)
where
T_c = effective cosmic background noise (K) without atmosphere
L(theta) =loss factor of atmosphere at the elevation angle of interest, as
          calculated from Section 2.1.3.
  
        The expressions for T_(op, vac) in the telecommunications interface
modules (for example, module 101) include the effective cosmic background
contribution reduced by the effects of average clear weather. These values are
within a few tenths of a Kelvin of the values given above, and variations in
T'_c as a function of weather condition and elevation angle are
typically neglected, as being at the sub-1K level.

2.1.5 Example of Use of Attenuation Statistics to Calculate Atmospheric Noise 
      Temperature, T_atm(theta, CD), and T_op(theta, CD)

        The following example will show a typical calculation of atmospheric 
noise temperature and attenuation for a particular situation. The parameters 
for the example are 
DSS 43, Canberra 
Ka-band (32 GHz) 
90% year average weather (CD = 0.90) 
20-deg elevation angle (2.924 air masses)

From Table 17, the year average zenith attenuation is given as 
A_zen = 0.404 dB.

The attenuation at 20-deg elevation is
A(20 degrees, 90%) = 0.404/sin(20) = 1.181 dB

The loss factor L at 20-deg elevation is
L(20 degrees, 90%) = 10^0.1181 = 1.312

The atmospheric  mean physical temperature is
T_p = 255 + 25 x 0.90 = 277.5 K

The atmospheric noise temperature at 20-deg elevation is
T_atm(20 degrees, 90%)= 277.5(1 - 1/1.312) = 65.991 K

The  operating  system noise temperature at any elevation  angle
and for any weather condition is given by
T_op (theta,CD)= T_(op,vac)(theta) + T_atm(theta, CD), K   (5)

where
T_(op,vac)(theta) = vacuum system temperature at elevation angle theta from
                    the appropriate antenna performance module
                   (101, 102, 103 or 104).

2.1.6     Best/Worst Month Ranges of Atmospheric Noise Temperature and
          Attenuation
         Although the absolute accuracy of the 31.4-GHz water vapor radiometer
measurements used to create the noise temperature statistics is thought to be on
the order of the values stated in paragraph 2.1, the month-to-month variation of
average noise temperature at any CD varies much more than this at all values of
cumulative distribution greater than about 10%. A particular month might be the
"worst" at the 90% CD level, but merely "moderate" at lower CD levels. An
example is a winter month that has a large amount of rain but when not raining
has low humidity and low noise temperature contribution. At this time, there are
insufficient data to characterize "best" and "worst" months individually;
however, tolerances on the mean statistics as given in Tables 1 through 18 can
give the user a feeling of what yearly variations in atmospheric effects may be
expected.

         Inspection of Tables 1 through 18 and Figures 1 through 9 will show
that fictitious "best month" and "worst month" statistics can be generated from
the values giving the minimum and maximum envelope values of noise temperature
and attenuation, without regard to the variability among the months as a
function of CD. At high values of CD, the adverse (maximum envelope) yearly
tolerances can be as high as 40% of the year-average value of an effect. It
should be noted that adverse tolerances for both noise temperature and
attenuation give INCREASES from the values in Tables 1 through 18. An adverse
VALUE is a mean PLUS the adverse tolerance. For mission planning purposes, with
no need to create a model for a specific month, it may be sufficient to use the
year-average value at a particular CD, and use the maximum/minimum envelope
values to define very conservative adverse/favorable tolerances, with triangular
distribution. For specific-month planning purposes, it may be sufficient to use
the values given in Tables 1 through 18, with +/-5% tolerances (triangular
distribution) as stated above. A very conservative approach (acknowledging that
any individual month in the future can be well outside the historical range of
available data) would be to use the "maximum" envelope as the model for a
possible "bad" month. Note also, that for particular months, characterized by
"bad weather", year-to-year variation of noise temperature and attenuation
statistics can be quite large.

2.2 Rainfall Statistics
          To assist the user in determining which months may have large
rainfall-related atmospheric noise temperature and attenuation increases,
rainfall data are presented for the three DSN antenna locations. Months with
large average rainfall amounts may not necessarily correspond to months with
large noise temperature and attenuation values. Comparison with Tables 1
through 18 should be made.

         Table 19 presents the monthly and year-average rainfall amounts for
the three DSN antenna locations. The Goldstone data (1973-2000) were taken at
the administration center, located near the middle of the Goldstone antenna
complex. Some antennas may be located as much as 10 miles from this location.
The Canberra data (1966-2002) were taken at the Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve,
located about 3 miles southwest of the antenna site. The Madrid data (1961-1990)
are the averages of the rainfall at two locations: Avila, about 20 miles
northwest of the antenna site, and Madrid (Quatro Vientos) about 20 miles east
of the antenna site. Although these averages may not exactly reflect the
rainfall at the antenna site, the relative monthly amounts are undoubtedly
correct.

2.3 Wind Loading
         The effect of wind loading must be modeled probabilistically, since
wind velocity varies randomly over time and space. Figure 10 shows the
probability distribution of wind speed for Goldstone. Similar data for the
Madrid and Canberra complexes will be supplied when available. The wind load on
a particular antenna is dependent on the design of that antenna. Consequently,
information about wind-load effect on antenna gain is listed in the appropriate
antenna module.

          Statistics show that Goldstone is the windiest of the three Deep
Space Network antenna complexes. The DSS 14 70-m antenna is stowed (pointed
vertically) when wind gusts exceed 55 mph (88 km/hr). The frequency of
occurrence of this event can be deduced from a relationship between wind gusts
and average wind speed. This relationship is found to be: maximum hourly wind
speed = 0.62 x strongest gust. Thus, for 55-mph (88 km/hr) gusts, the maximum
hourly wind speed is found to be 34 mph (55 km/hr). From Figure 10, it is seen
that this speed is exceeded approximately 2 % (175 hours) of the year and 4 %
(29 hours) of the worst month. Actual practice has shown that no antenna has
been stowed more than about 10 hours per year due to excessive wind-gust
occurrences.

2.4   Hot Body Noise

2.4.1 Solar Noise
        The increase in system noise when tracking near the Sun depends on the 
intensity of solar radiation at the received frequency and on the position of the 
Sun relative to the antenna gain pattern. The subreflector support structure
(typically a quadripod, but a tripod at the DSS 13 BWG antenna) introduces
nonuniformities in the sidelobe structure. Increases in noise temperature are
typically greater in directions at right angles to the planes established by the
subreflector support legs and the center of the reflector surface. Thus, a
quadripod-type antenna will have four enhanced regions of noise temperature, and
a tripod-type antenna will have six. With an azimuth-elevation (AZ-EL) or X-Y
mounted antenna, the plane containing the Sun-Earth-probe (SEP) angle will
rotate through the sidelobes during a tracking pass. This causes the solar noise
to fluctuate during a track even if the SEP angle is constant.

          A large number of measurements were made at Goldstone from 1987 to
1996 to determine the system noise temperature effects of tracking near the
Sun (within about five deg from the center of the solar disk). These
measurements were made at S-, X-, and Ka-bands on both 26- and 34-meter
antennas.

         Figure 11 shows the 10.7-cm (2800-MHz) solar radio flux during solar
cycle 23 (1996-2007, the expected "maximum" should have occurred in late 2000 or
early 2001). The flux is measured in solar flux units (SFU) where one SFU = 1 x
10^-22 W/m^2/Hz. Updated solar flux predictions can be found at the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Space Environment Center web site
<http://www.sec.noaa.gov/weekly.html> (Solar Cycle Progression and Prediction
Plots). Solar flux predictions can be used to model S- and X-band solar noise
temperature contributions using the ratio of predicted solar flux to the solar
flux that existed at the time the antenna noise temperatures were measured.

         The general characteristic of the 11-year cycle of 2800-MHz solar flux
is a rapid rise to a peak approximately 4-5 years after the minimum, followed by
a 7-6 year gradual decrease. From cycle to cycle, the peak flux can vary by as
much as a factor of two. The 10.7-cm flux is varied during solar cycle 23 from a
minimum of about 70 SFU during 1996 to a maximum of about 190 +/- 20 SFU during
2000-2001 and returning to an expected minimum of about 70 SFU during 2006.

          Figure 12 shows X-band system noise temperature increases as measured
at the Goldstone DSS 15 HEF antenna. These measurements show the increased
effect for the Sun located (offset) at right angles to the quadripod legs. The
quadripod legs are arranged in an "X" configuration, with 90-deg spacing. The
measurements were made in November 1987 (near the beginning of the solar cycle)
with a measured 2800-MHz flux value of 101 SFU and an 8800MHz flux value of 259
SFU. The following expression may be used as an upper limit of X-band solar
noise contribution at DSS 15 as shown in Figure 12.

T_sun = 800e^(-2.0*theta) , K (6)
where
theta = offset angle between center of beam and center of solar disk, deg

          Figure 13 shows S-band (2295 MHz) total system noise temperature
measurements made on the Goldstone DSS 16, 26-m antenna on December 20, 1989.
This antenna has no quadripod, and it can be assumed that the noise
temperature values shown are independent of solar "clock angle" around the
center of the antenna beam. The reported 2800MHz solar flux at the time of the
experiment was 194 SFU; at 8800 MHz it was 290 SFU. Note that compared to the
November 1987 flux (Figure 12), the 2800-MHz flux has nearly doubled, but the
8800-MHz flux has only increased about 12 percent. The S-band solar
contribution shown in Figure 13 can be modeled as

T_sun = 1400e^(-1.4*theta) , K (7)
where
theta = offset angle between center of beam and center of solar disk, deg

          Figures 14 and 15 are contour plots of the DSS 12, 34-m HA-DEC total
system noise temperature versus declination and cross-declination antenna
pointing offsets. DSS 12 has been decommissioned since the measurements were
made, but the figures are included because they are representative of the
effects of the quadripod on solar noise at other antennas. The quadripod legs
are arranged in a "+" configuration with 90-deg spacing, hence the peaks at
right angles to the legs.
          Figure 14 is a contour plot of total S-band system noise
temperature versus declination and cross-declination antenna pointing
offsets at DSS 12.The contour interval is 50 K. These measurements were made
on January 12, 1990. On this day the reported 2800-MHz solar flux was 173
SFU.

          Figure 15 is a contour plot of total X-band system noise
temperature versus declination and cross-declination antenna pointing
offsets at DSS 12. The contour interval, measurement date, and flux values
are identical with those in Figure 14. The reported 8800-MHz solar flux was
272 SFU.

         Figures 16 and 17 show the X-band (8.4-GHz) and Ka-band (32-GHz) solar
noise contributions at the DSS 13, 34-m research and development beam waveguide
antenna as a function of offset angle from the center of the sun. These data
were taken during mid-March, 1996, when the 10.7-cm solar flux was about 70 SFU
(the minimum at the end of solar cycle 22 and at the beginning of solar cycle
23) and should be considered as representative of what is expected at the
operational DSN beam waveguide antennas.

          The following expressions give an approximate upper envelope for
the noise contributions shown in Figures 16 and 17 as a function of offset
angle


T_sun = | 1400e^(-5.1*theta), 0.35 < theta <= 0.75deg , at X-band  (8)
        | 86e^(-1.4*theta), theta > 0.75deg
                    
T_sun = | 5000e^(-6.6*theta), 0.35 < theta <= 0.75deg , at Ka-band. (9)
        | 100e^(-1.4*theta), theta > 0.75deg
                    
          At offset angles less than 0.35 deg (0.08 deg from the edge of the
solar disk), solar noise contributions are likely to be in excess of 300 K
at both frequencies. At offsets greater than 4.0 degrees, the solar
contribution is negligible.

         All noise contribution expressions given above should be compared with
values shown in the corresponding figures to assess their validity. Note that
these expressions should be considered valid only for the flux values given at
the time of measurement. For predictive purposes, Figure 11 may be used to
obtain future predicted 2800-MHz solar flux, and the noise contributions at S-
and X-band can be modeled as described below.

         During the 11-year solar cycle, the S-band flux varies by a factor of
3 (reference Figure 11) while the corresponding X-band flux varies by a factor
of 2. For cycle 23, when the S-band range is expected to be from 70 SFU to as
much as 210 SFU, the X-band range is predicted to be from about 200 SFU to about
400 SFU. The predicted X-band flux can be derived from the predicted S-band flux
by the following expression.

          FLUX,X = 200 + 200(FLUX, S-70)/140     (10)

          For example, in January 2003 the mean S-band flux is predicted to
be 125 SFU (from Figure 11). The mean predicted X-band flux would be 264 SFU.

         The predicted solar noise contribution can be calculated based on
measured noise contributions described above. For example, using the equation
provided for Figure 12 (Equation 6) and the predicted X-band solar flux in
January of 2002 (264 SFU), the predicted X-band solar noise contribution for a 2-
degree offset angle using the 34-m HEF antenna would be

T_sun = (264/259)(800e^(-2.0x2.0)) = 14.6K (11)
             
          At Ka-band, the solar flux varies little over the solar cycle and
the relationship between noise temperature increase and offset angle depicted
in Figure 17 can be used at all times.

          Figure 18 shows examples of measured S-band system noise temperature
made with a 64-m antenna tracking Pioneer 8 (November 1968, near the solar
maximum) and Helios (April 1975, near the solar minimum). For all practical
purposes, these curves may be used to predict S-band performance for the DSN 70-
m antennas. The "maximum" and "minimum" curves for each month show the solar
"clock angle" effect due to sidelobes at right angles to the quadripod legs.

         Figure 19 shows a theoretical curve of X-band 70-m antenna noise
temperature as a function of SEP angle. This curve is generated based on an
assumed X-band blackbody disk temperature of 23,000 K, representing an "average"
value during the solar cycle. An expression giving quiet Sun brightness
temperature, T_b (K), as a function of wavelength (mm) has been
found to be

T_b = 5672 * lambda^0.24517,  K   (12)

          For S-band (2.3 GHz), T_b = 18700 K. For X-band (8.5 GHz) T_b = 13600
K. For Ka-band (32 GHz) T_b = 9750 K. The active Sun may be expected to have an
X-band brightness temperature of as much as two to four times as high as the
13600 K calculated above.

2.4.2 Lunar Noise
For an antenna pointed near the Moon, a noise temperature
determination similar to that made for the Sun should be carried out. The
blackbody disk temperature of the Moon is about 240 K, and its apparent
diameter is almost exactly that of the Sun's (approximately 0.5 deg). Figures
12 through 19 may be used for lunar calculations, with the noise temperature
values scaled by 240/23000. Figures 13, 14, 15, and 18 include clear-sky system
noise temperatures, which must be subtracted out before scaling in order to
determine the lunar noise temperature increase. Nevertheless, at offset angles
greater than 2 deg, the lunar noise contribution is negligible.

2.4.3 Planetary Noise
          The increase in system noise temperature when tracking near a
planet can be calculated by the formula
T_pl = (T_k * Gd^2/(16R^2))e^(-2.77(theta/theta_0)^2), K   (13)
where
T_k =blackbody disk temperature of the planet, K
d = planet diameter, km
R = distance to planet, km
theta = angular distance from planet center to antenna beam center 
theta_0 = antenna half-power beamwidth (full beamwidth at half power)
G = antenna gain, ratio 10^(G(dBi)/10), including atmospheric attenuation.
                             
          Table 20 presents all the parameters needed for calculation of
planetary noise contributions. Also given are the maximum values of expected X-
band noise contributions for the mean minimum distance from Earth, with the
antenna beam pointed at the center of the planet (theta=0). Corresponding S-band
noise temperature increases will be approximately 1/13 as large as the X-band
increases because of the lower antenna gain (wider beamwidth) at the lower
frequency.

         In the case of Jupiter, there is a significant and variable non-
thermal component of the noise temperature. Thus the effective blackbody disk
temperature at S-band appears to be much higher than at X-band. The S-band noise
temperature increase will be approximately 1/6 the X-band values for average
Jupiter emission; it will be about 1/3 the X-band values for maximum Jupiter
emission. Except for Venus and Jupiter at inferior conjunction (minimum
distance), the noise contribution from the planets at S-band is negligible.

The expression for T_pl assumes that the angular extent of the
radiating source is small compared to the antenna beamwidth. This approximation
is adequate at X-band except for Venus near inferior conjunction (apparent
diameter = 0.018 deg) using a 70-m antenna at X-band (beamwidth = 0.032 deg). At
Ka-band with a 34-m antenna (beamwidth = 0.0174 deg), the approximation is not
adequate for Venus near inferior conjunction and may not be adequate for Mars
near inferior conjunction (apparent diameter = 0.005 deg). The expression also
aassumes that the antenna main beam has a Gaussian shape, with circular
symmetry. Antenna gains and half-power beamwidths are given in modules 101, 102,
103, and 104.

2.4.4 Galactic Noise
         The center of the Milky Way galaxy is located near -30 degrees
declination, 17 h 40 min right ascension. It is possible for a spacecraft with a
declination of -30 deg to be in the vicinity of the galactic center, and an
increase of system noise temperature would then be observed. A declination of
-30 degrees is not typically achieved by spacecraft moving in the plane of the
ecliptic, but there are some circumstances (for example, a flight out of the
ecliptic) where this location may be observed. Galactic noise temperature
contributions at frequencies above 10 GHz are typically insignificant. At S-
band, looking directly at the galactic center, a noise temperature increase of
about 10 K would be observed. A map of the galactic noise distribution can be
seen in chapter 8 of the classic reference J. D. Kraus, Radio Astronomy, Cygnus-
Quasar Books, Powell, Ohio, 1986.
                                        
Figure 1. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at L-
Band and S-Band, Goldstone DSCC
(Figure omitted in text-only document)
                                        
Figure 2. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at L-
Band and S-Band, Canberra DSCC
(Figure omitted in text-only document)                                      
                                        
Figure 3. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at L-
Band and S-Band, Madrid DSCC
(Figure omitted in text-only document)                                        
                                        
Figure 4. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at X-
Band, Goldstone DSCC
(Figure omitted in text-only document)                                        
                                        
Figure 5. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at X-
Band, Canberra DSCC
(Figure omitted in text-only document)                                        
                                        
Figure 6. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at X-
Band, Madrid DSCC
(Figure omitted in text-only document)                                        
                                        
Figure 7. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at Ka-
Band, Goldstone DSCC
(Figure omitted in text-only document)                                        
                                        
Figure 8. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at Ka-
Band, Canberra DSCC
(Figure omitted in text-only document)                                       
                                        
Figure 9. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at Ka-
Band, Madrid DSCC
(Figure omitted in text-only document)                                        

Figure 10. Probability Distribution of Wind Conditions at Goldstone
(Figure omitted in text-only document)                                        
                                        
Figure 11. Solar Radio Flux at 2800 MHz (10.7 cm wavelength) During Solar Cycle 23 (1996-2007)
(Figure omitted in text-only document)                                        
                                        
Figure 12. DSS 15 HEF Antenna X-Band System Noise Temperature Increases Due to
       the Sun at Various Offset Angles, Showing Larger Increases Perpendicular
       to Quadripod Directions
(Figure omitted in text-only document)  

Figure 13. DSS 16 S-Band Total System Noise Temperature at Various Offset Angles from the Sun
(Figure omitted in text-only document)                                        
                                        
Figure  14.  DSS 12 S-Band Total System Noise Temperature at Various Declination
and Cross-Declination Offsets from the Sun
(Figure omitted in text-only document)                                          
                                        
Figure  15.  DSS 12 X-Band Total System Noise Temperature at Various Declination
and Cross-Declination Offsets from the Sun
(Figure omitted in text-only document)                                          
                                        
Figure  16.  DSS  13  Beam-Waveguide Antenna X-Band Noise  Temperature  Increase
Versus Offset Angle, March 1996
(Figure omitted in text-only document)  
                                     
Figure  17.  DSS  13  Beam-Waveguide Antenna Ka-Band Noise Temperature  Increase
Versus Offset Angle, March 1996
(Figure omitted in text-only document)                                          
                                        
Figure  18.  Total  S-Band System Noise Temperature for 70-m  Antennas  Tracking
Spacecraft Near the Sun (Derived from 64-m Measurements)
(Figure omitted in text-only document)  
                                        
Figure 19. X-Band Noise Temperature Increase for 70-m Antennas as a Function  of
Sun-Earth-Probe Angle, Nominal Sun, 23,000 K Disk Temperature
(Figure omitted in text-only document)  


Table 1. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at L-
                        and S-Bands for Goldstone DSCC, K
                                        
    CD       January     February      March       April        May        June
  0.000       1.917       1.917        1.917       1.917       1.917       1.917
  0.100       1.923       1.923        1.923       1.924       1.926       1.925
  0.200       1.925       1.925        1.925       1.927       1.929       1.928
  0.250       1.926       1.925        1.926       1.927       1.930       1.929
  0.300       1.927       1.927        1.927       1.929       1.932       1.930
  0.400       1.928       1.928        1.929       1.930       1.935       1.933
  0.500       1.930       1.930        1.931       1.932       1.938       1.936
  0.600       1.933       1.932        1.932       1.934       1.941       1.941
  0.700       1.938       1.935        1.935       1.936       1.945       1.947
  0.800       1.945       1.940        1.938       1.939       1.950       1.952
  0.850       1.951       1.945        1.941       1.940       1.954       1.955
  0.900       1.963       1.954        1.945       1.943       1.961       1.961
  0.925       1.978       1.961        1.947       1.945       1.967       1.967
  0.930       1.981       1.963        1.948       1.945       1.968       1.968
  0.950       2.002       1.975        1.952       1.948       1.983       1.975
  0.960       2.017       1.984        1.957       1.950       1.990       1.981
  0.975       2.059       2.005        1.973       1.956       2.010       2.001
  0.980       2.075       2.015        1.982       1.963       2.016       2.011
  0.990       2.142       2.051        2.022       1.992       2.042       2.051

     Table 1 (Cont'd). Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise
     Temperature at L- and S-Bands for Goldstone DSCC, K
                                        
  CD     July    August  September October November December Minimum  Year    Maximum
                                                                    Average
 0.000   1.917    1.917   1.917    1.917   1.917    1.917   1.917    1.917   1.917
 0.100   1.929    1.930   1.932    1.927   1.924    1.922   1.922    1.926   1.932
 0.200   1.934    1.935   1.935    1.930   1.926    1.925   1.925    1.929   1.935
 0.250   1.936    1.937   1.936    1.930   1.927    1.925   1.925    1.930   1.937
 0.300   1.938    1.940   1.939    1.932   1.929    1.927   1.927    1.931   1.940
 0.400   1.942    1.945   1.943    1.935   1.931    1.928   1.928    1.934   1.945
 0.500   1.947    1.951   1.948    1.937   1.934    1.930   1.930    1.937   1.951
 0.600   1.954    1.955   1.952    1.940   1.939    1.932   1.932    1.941   1.955
 0.700   1.962    1.959   1.958    1.943   1.943    1.935   1.935    1.945   1.962
 0.800   1.969    1.963   1.964    1.948   1.948    1.941   1.938    1.950   1.969
 0.850   1.972    1.967   1.967    1.952   1.952    1.947   1.940    1.954   1.972
 0.900   1.977    1.972   1.975    1.958   1.958    1.957   1.943    1.960   1.977
 0.925   1.981    1.976   1.980    1.961   1.961    1.964   1.945    1.966   1.981
 0.930   1.982    1.976   1.980    1.961   1.961    1.967   1.945    1.967   1.982
 0.950   1.987    1.983   1.986    1.966   1.965    1.985   1.948    1.975   2.002
 0.960   1.991    1.987   1.992    1.970   1.968    1.997   1.950    1.982   2.017
 0.975   2.003    2.000   2.008    1.983   1.978    2.028   1.956    2.000   2.059
 0.980   2.011    2.001   2.024    1.990   1.989    2.042   1.963    2.010   2.075
 0.990   2.049    2.009   2.098    2.025   2.031    2.098   1.992    2.051   2.142
        
     Table 2. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at 
     L- and S-Bands for Canberra DSCC, K
    CD       January     February      March       April        May        June
  0.000       2.085       2.085        2.085       2.085       2.085       2.085
  0.100       2.108       2.116        2.121       2.106       2.100       2.099
  0.200       2.115       2.123        2.127       2.111       2.103       2.105
  0.250       2.117       2.127        2.129       2.113       2.104       2.106
  0.300       2.120       2.131        2.131       2.115       2.106       2.107
  0.400       2.124       2.139        2.137       2.119       2.108       2.109
  0.500       2.132       2.147        2.141       2.123       2.111       2.112
  0.600       2.139       2.156        2.149       2.128       2.114       2.115
  0.700       2.148       2.168        2.158       2.133       2.119       2.118
  0.800       2.159       2.183        2.167       2.143       2.133       2.124
  0.850       2.166       2.198        2.174       2.150       2.143       2.129
  0.900       2.180       2.239        2.187       2.164       2.164       2.140
  0.925       2.193       2.271        2.202       2.186       2.190       2.157
  0.930       2.196       2.278        2.207       2.191       2.198       2.165
  0.950       2.220       2.319        2.231       2.217       2.239       2.204
  0.960       2.236       2.346        2.244       2.236       2.269       2.221
  0.975       2.286       2.428        2.281       2.288       2.339       2.261
  0.980       2.316       2.475        2.310       2.314       2.358       2.281
  0.990       2.476       2.616        2.394       2.387       2.439       2.330

     Table 2 (Cont'd). Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise
     Temperature at L- and S-Bands for Canberra DSCC, K 
                                        
  CD     July    August  September October November December Minimum  Year    Maximum
                                                                    Average
 0.000   2.085    2.085   2.085    2.085   2.085    2.085   2.085    2.085   2.085
 0.100   2.097    2.097   2.101    2.102   2.109    2.102   2.097    2.105   2.121
 0.200   2.100    2.101   2.105    2.107   2.114    2.109   2.100    2.110   2.127
 0.250   2.102    2.102   2.107    2.108   2.117    2.112   2.102    2.112   2.129
 0.300   2.103    2.103   2.108    2.110   2.119    2.115   2.103    2.114   2.131
 0.400   2.105    2.105   2.112    2.113   2.124    2.120   2.105    2.118   2.139
 0.500   2.108    2.107   2.115    2.117   2.129    2.125   2.107    2.122   2.147
 0.600   2.111    2.110   2.119    2.123   2.135    2.132   2.110    2.128   2.156
 0.700   2.115    2.114   2.125    2.131   2.144    2.141   2.114    2.134   2.168
 0.800   2.122    2.121   2.133    2.146   2.162    2.157   2.121    2.146   2.183
 0.850   2.128    2.128   2.140    2.158   2.179    2.172   2.128    2.155   2.198
 0.900   2.138    2.144   2.152    2.181   2.206    2.197   2.138    2.174   2.239
 0.925   2.151    2.161   2.164    2.208   2.232    2.219   2.151    2.195   2.271
 0.930   2.155    2.166   2.169    2.215   2.239    2.227   2.155    2.200   2.278
 0.950   2.171    2.190   2.198    2.262   2.279    2.261   2.171    2.233   2.319
 0.960   2.183    2.212   2.220    2.288   2.303    2.278   2.183    2.253   2.346
 0.975   2.209    2.285   2.266    2.365   2.392    2.322   2.209    2.310   2.428
 0.980   2.223    2.309   2.296    2.414   2.432    2.343   2.223    2.339   2.475
 0.990   2.274    2.394   2.423    2.532   2.547    2.412   2.274    2.435   2.616

   Table 3. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at L- 
   and S-Bands for Madrid DSCC, K

    CD       January     February      March       April        May        June
  0.000       2.008       2.008        2.008       2.008       2.008       2.008
  0.100       2.014       2.013        2.018       2.019       2.026       2.029
  0.200       2.017       2.017        2.022       2.023       2.031       2.034
  0.250       2.018       2.018        2.023       2.024       2.032       2.035
  0.300       2.020       2.019        2.025       2.026       2.034       2.037
  0.400       2.023       2.022        2.028       2.028       2.038       2.041
  0.500       2.027       2.025        2.031       2.032       2.041       2.044
  0.600       2.032       2.029        2.035       2.036       2.044       2.047
  0.700       2.042       2.034        2.041       2.042       2.048       2.051
  0.800       2.066       2.042        2.052       2.054       2.057       2.055
  0.850       2.092       2.054        2.063       2.066       2.075       2.059
  0.900       2.139       2.077        2.088       2.084       2.114       2.065
  0.925       2.192       2.102        2.116       2.102       2.155       2.070
  0.930       2.201       2.107        2.122       2.106       2.163       2.072
  0.950       2.272       2.145        2.157       2.142       2.211       2.085
  0.960       2.299       2.167        2.179       2.163       2.237       2.098
  0.975       2.361       2.227        2.237       2.211       2.298       2.140
  0.980       2.380       2.247        2.259       2.225       2.320       2.169
  0.990       2.450       2.324        2.335       2.276       2.394       2.282

     Table 3 (Cont'd). Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise
      Temperature at L- and S-Bands for Madrid DSCC, K
                                        
  CD     July   August September October November Dec.   Minimum  Year    Maximum
                                                                Average  
0.000   2.008   2.008    2.008   2.008   2.008   2.008   2.008   2.008   2.008
0.100   2.032   2.032    2.029   2.023   2.008   2.013   2.008   2.021   2.032
0.200   2.036   2.037    2.034   2.031   2.018   2.018   2.017   2.026   2.037
0.250   2.037   2.038    2.036   2.033   2.020   2.020   2.018   2.028   2.038
0.300   2.039   2.040    2.038   2.036   2.023   2.023   2.019   2.030   2.040
0.400   2.043   2.043    2.042   2.041   2.026   2.027   2.022   2.033   2.043
0.500   2.045   2.047    2.046   2.047   2.030   2.032   2.025   2.037   2.047
0.600   2.048   2.050    2.051   2.054   2.036   2.038   2.029   2.042   2.054
0.700   2.052   2.053    2.055   2.062   2.044   2.049   2.034   2.048   2.062
0.800   2.055   2.058    2.061   2.082   2.058   2.073   2.042   2.059   2.082
0.850   2.057   2.060    2.065   2.105   2.079   2.099   2.054   2.073   2.105
0.900   2.061   2.064    2.072   2.147   2.121   2.142   2.061   2.098   2.147
0.925   2.063   2.067    2.079   2.189   2.164   2.181   2.063   2.123   2.192
0.930   2.064   2.067    2.081   2.197   2.171   2.187   2.064   2.128   2.201
0.950   2.067   2.071    2.095   2.256   2.229   2.235   2.067   2.164   2.272
0.960   2.069   2.074    2.110   2.283   2.253   2.257   2.069   2.182   2.299
0.975   2.077   2.083    2.159   2.350   2.316   2.316   2.077   2.231   2.361
0.980   2.084   2.090    2.196   2.377   2.333   2.334   2.084   2.251   2.380
0.990   2.117   2.119    2.333   2.481   2.400   2.397   2.117   2.326   2.481


    Table 4. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature 
    at X-Band for Goldstone DSCC, K
    CD      January     February     March      April        May        June
  0.000      2.135       2.135       2.135      2.135       2.135      2.135
  0.100      2.218       2.210       2.220      2.233       2.257      2.246
  0.200      2.241       2.238       2.247      2.266       2.297      2.284
  0.250      2.249       2.249       2.256      2.276       2.310      2.296
  0.300      2.264       2.264       2.268      2.291       2.331      2.315
  0.400      2.288       2.286       2.292      2.311       2.372      2.346
  0.500      2.317       2.309       2.318      2.333       2.421      2.395
  0.600      2.355       2.334       2.342      2.361       2.463      2.464
  0.700      2.416       2.376       2.373      2.390       2.510      2.536
  0.800      2.506       2.450       2.424      2.426       2.578      2.603
  0.850      2.599       2.510       2.455      2.448       2.634      2.647
  0.900      2.758       2.634       2.509      2.483       2.728      2.725
  0.925      2.956       2.732       2.543      2.507       2.805      2.807
  0.930      2.991       2.758       2.549      2.511       2.825      2.817
  0.950      3.277       2.911       2.607      2.547       3.020      2.912
  0.960      3.475       3.039       2.678      2.576       3.113      3.002
  0.975      4.041       3.324       2.885      2.666       3.381      3.262
  0.980      4.265       3.452       3.010      2.755       3.462      3.395
  0.990      5.160       3.944       3.553      3.147       3.824      3.943

     Table 4 (Cont'd). Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise
Temperature at X-Band for Goldstone DSCC, K
                                        
  CD     July   August September October November Dec.   Minimum  Year    Maximum
                                                                Average  
0.000   2.135   2.135    2.135   2.135   2.135   2.135   2.135   2.135   2.135
0.100   2.294   2.306    2.332   2.268   2.227   2.207   2.207   2.251   2.332
0.200   2.365   2.375    2.374   2.303   2.262   2.239   2.238   2.291   2.375
0.250   2.387   2.402    2.393   2.315   2.274   2.248   2.248   2.305   2.402
0.300   2.422   2.447    2.425   2.336   2.292   2.263   2.263   2.327   2.447
0.400   2.474   2.512    2.481   2.375   2.325   2.284   2.284   2.362   2.512
0.500   2.545   2.592    2.553   2.408   2.366   2.307   2.307   2.405   2.592
0.600   2.630   2.652    2.612   2.444   2.426   2.335   2.334   2.451   2.652
0.700   2.739   2.695    2.690   2.488   2.487   2.382   2.373   2.507   2.739
0.800   2.830   2.760    2.766   2.552   2.556   2.460   2.424   2.576   2.830
0.850   2.878   2.805    2.813   2.600   2.603   2.541   2.448   2.628   2.878
0.900   2.946   2.876    2.915   2.681   2.680   2.676   2.483   2.718   2.946
0.925   2.996   2.924    2.981   2.725   2.726   2.773   2.507   2.790   2.996
0.930   3.009   2.934    2.989   2.732   2.731   2.801   2.511   2.804   3.009
0.950   3.074   3.019    3.066   2.793   2.777   3.048   2.547   2.921   3.277
0.960   3.126   3.078    3.141   2.850   2.824   3.208   2.576   3.009   3.475
0.975   3.295   3.246    3.356   3.022   2.963   3.631   2.666   3.256   4.041
0.980   3.404   3.272    3.577   3.120   3.098   3.819   2.755   3.386   4.265
0.990   3.912   3.377    4.578   3.585   3.663   4.570   3.147   3.938   5.160


    Table 5. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature 
    at X-Band for Canberra DSCC, K
    CD      January     February     March      April        May        June
  0.000      2.327       2.327       2.327      2.327       2.327      2.327
  0.100      2.631       2.741       2.815      2.607       2.531      2.513
  0.200      2.725       2.841       2.895      2.679       2.568      2.594
  0.250      2.763       2.892       2.924      2.705       2.587      2.612
  0.300      2.792       2.948       2.953      2.732       2.607      2.626
  0.400      2.853       3.057       3.021      2.783       2.641      2.656
  0.500      2.955       3.162       3.087      2.843       2.678      2.691
  0.600      3.057       3.287       3.187      2.902       2.714      2.730
  0.700      3.177       3.439       3.303      2.978       2.782      2.777
  0.800      3.321       3.641       3.433      3.101       2.974      2.849
  0.850      3.419       3.848       3.527      3.198       3.112      2.918
  0.900      3.604       4.396       3.704      3.385       3.387      3.063
  0.925      3.780       4.829       3.898      3.687       3.738      3.299
  0.930      3.821       4.921       3.963      3.757       3.848      3.401
  0.950      4.138       5.483       4.287      4.109       4.399      3.929
  0.960      4.361       5.843       4.465      4.366       4.802      4.164
  0.975      5.027       6.950       4.966      5.062       5.740      4.695
  0.980      5.435       7.580       5.350      5.412       5.997      4.965
  0.990      7.589       9.469       6.492      6.392       7.091      5.622

     Table 5 (Cont'd). Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise
 Temperature at X-Band for Canberra DSCC, K 
                                        
  CD     July   August September October November Dec.   Minimum  Year    Maximum
                                                                Average  
0.000   2.327   2.327    2.327   2.327   2.327   2.327   2.327   2.327   2.327
0.100   2.485   2.491    2.548   2.550   2.649   2.562   2.485   2.594   2.815
0.200   2.532   2.539    2.600   2.617   2.723   2.648   2.532   2.663   2.895
0.250   2.551   2.556    2.621   2.640   2.755   2.693   2.551   2.692   2.924
0.300   2.567   2.570    2.643   2.662   2.790   2.731   2.567   2.718   2.953
0.400   2.598   2.598    2.688   2.705   2.858   2.801   2.598   2.772   3.057
0.500   2.636   2.628    2.732   2.760   2.924   2.871   2.628   2.831   3.162
0.600   2.676   2.669    2.785   2.837   3.002   2.958   2.669   2.900   3.287
0.700   2.725   2.723    2.863   2.942   3.117   3.079   2.723   2.992   3.439
0.800   2.823   2.807    2.966   3.153   3.362   3.298   2.807   3.144   3.641
0.850   2.907   2.900    3.062   3.310   3.594   3.501   2.900   3.275   3.848
0.900   3.045   3.125    3.232   3.625   3.955   3.834   3.045   3.530   4.396
0.925   3.222   3.351    3.396   3.982   4.312   4.131   3.222   3.802   4.829
0.930   3.265   3.413    3.464   4.077   4.403   4.234   3.265   3.881   4.921
0.950   3.484   3.741    3.852   4.704   4.938   4.690   3.484   4.313   5.483
0.960   3.649   4.037    4.146   5.064   5.266   4.920   3.649   4.590   5.843
0.975   3.999   5.018    4.766   6.097   6.453   5.522   3.999   5.358   6.950
0.980   4.187   5.340    5.165   6.757   7.003   5.794   4.187   5.749   7.580
0.990   4.874   6.481    6.882   8.346   8.552   6.732   4.874   7.043   9.469


     Table 6. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature 
     at X-Band for Madrid DSCC, K
    CD      January     February     March      April        May        June
  0.000      2.239       2.239       2.239      2.239       2.239      2.239
  0.100      2.314       2.310       2.378      2.386       2.483      2.522
  0.200      2.364       2.358       2.425      2.442       2.545      2.585
  0.250      2.379       2.372       2.442      2.456       2.564      2.604
  0.300      2.401       2.392       2.466      2.475       2.592      2.634
  0.400      2.439       2.423       2.502      2.512       2.639      2.677
  0.500      2.492       2.470       2.551      2.561       2.679      2.722
  0.600      2.565       2.524       2.605      2.620       2.723      2.767
  0.700      2.695       2.588       2.684      2.700       2.775      2.816
  0.800      3.013       2.697       2.829      2.859       2.897      2.877
  0.850      3.365       2.855       2.984      3.019       3.137      2.922
  0.900      4.006       3.167       3.322      3.264       3.662      3.004
  0.925      4.714       3.499       3.697      3.506       4.213      3.074
  0.930      4.835       3.567       3.773      3.562       4.320      3.095
  0.950      5.796       4.089       4.239      4.047       4.971      3.280
  0.960      6.151       4.379       4.536      4.328       5.324      3.452
  0.975      6.990       5.186       5.323      4.965       6.142      4.021
  0.980      7.242       5.454       5.623      5.155       6.438      4.411
  0.990      8.190       6.491       6.646      5.847       7.435      5.921

     Table 6 (Cont'd). Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise
  Temperature at X-Band for Madrid DSCC, K
                                        
  CD     July   August September October November Dec.   Minimum  Year    Maximum
                                                                Average  
0.000   2.239   2.239    2.239   2.239   2.239   2.239   2.239   2.239   2.239
0.100   2.560   2.563    2.519   2.442   2.235   2.312   2.235   2.419   2.563
0.200   2.618   2.626    2.588   2.542   2.373   2.375   2.358   2.487   2.626
0.250   2.636   2.645    2.611   2.571   2.397   2.398   2.372   2.506   2.645
0.300   2.662   2.674    2.646   2.616   2.436   2.436   2.392   2.536   2.674
0.400   2.704   2.717    2.699   2.688   2.483   2.500   2.423   2.582   2.717
0.500   2.744   2.760    2.754   2.765   2.538   2.565   2.470   2.633   2.765
0.600   2.784   2.806    2.814   2.855   2.615   2.649   2.524   2.694   2.855
0.700   2.825   2.851    2.874   2.972   2.717   2.794   2.588   2.774   2.972
0.800   2.873   2.910    2.951   3.241   2.910   3.114   2.697   2.931   3.241
0.850   2.902   2.943    3.002   3.544   3.196   3.461   2.855   3.111   3.544
0.900   2.948   2.997    3.095   4.108   3.757   4.037   2.948   3.447   4.108
0.925   2.981   3.029    3.196   4.674   4.342   4.572   2.981   3.791   4.714
0.930   2.987   3.036    3.218   4.779   4.438   4.650   2.987   3.855   4.835
0.950   3.034   3.086    3.414   5.576   5.212   5.289   3.034   4.336   5.796
0.960   3.064   3.125    3.614   5.940   5.540   5.592   3.064   4.587   6.151
0.975   3.168   3.253    4.272   6.842   6.389   6.380   3.168   5.244   6.990
0.980   3.257   3.344    4.769   7.208   6.619   6.624   3.257   5.512   7.242
0.990   3.702   3.734    6.609   8.606   7.512   7.475   3.702   6.514   8.606

      Table 7. Cumulative Distributions of
      Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature at Ka-Band for Goldstone DSCC, K

    CD      January    February      March      April        May        June
  0.000      6.700       6.700       6.700      6.700       6.700      6.700
  0.100      7.904       7.785       7.925      8.119       8.463      8.302
  0.200      8.227       8.181       8.321      8.594       9.041      8.856
  0.250      8.354       8.342       8.441      8.731       9.233      9.031
  0.300      8.564       8.563       8.626      8.948       9.531      9.304
  0.400      8.915       8.888       8.967      9.237       10.127     9.748
  0.500      9.325       9.218       9.346      9.563       10.837     10.450
  0.600      9.870       9.575       9.688      9.962       11.441     11.447
  0.700      10.764      10.181     10.134      10.383      12.115     12.488
  0.800      12.058      11.252     10.868      10.909      13.100     13.459
  0.850      13.395      12.119     11.316      11.226      13.912     14.098
  0.900      15.703      13.903     12.100      11.726      15.260     15.217
  0.925      18.556      15.328     12.600      12.070      16.383     16.399
  0.930      19.068      15.702     12.683      12.133      16.670     16.548
  0.950      23.198      17.912     13.523      12.651      19.479     17.919
  0.960      26.054      19.756     14.550      13.068      20.820     19.226
  0.975      34.229      23.875     17.527      14.366      24.702     22.976
  0.980      37.463      25.724     19.338      15.656      25.866     24.904
  0.990      50.394      32.834     27.182      21.314      31.090     32.814

     Table 7 (Cont'd). Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise
 Temperature at Ka-Band for Goldstone DSCC, K 
                                        
  CD     July   August September October November Dec.   Minimum  Year    Maximum
                                                                Average  
0.000   6.700   6.700    6.700   6.700   6.700   6.700   6.700   6.700   6.700
0.100   8.999   9.167    9.539   8.617   8.028   7.746   7.746   8.383   9.539
0.200   10.021  10.163  10.153   9.130   8.529   8.197   8.181   8.951   10.163
0.250   10.341  10.559  10.424   9.301   8.701   8.337   8.337   9.150   10.559
0.300   10.848  11.213  10.890   9.606   8.969   8.549   8.549   9.468   11.213
0.400   11.592  12.143  11.701  10.170   9.444   8.854   8.854   9.982   12.143
0.500   12.618  13.303  12.736  10.649  10.037   9.186   9.186   10.606  13.303
0.600   13.848  14.174  13.595  11.156  10.899   9.585   9.575   11.270  14.174
0.700   15.424  14.787  14.714  11.805  11.782  10.264  10.134   12.070  15.424
0.800   16.742  15.727  15.812  12.722  12.786  11.389  10.868   13.069  16.742
0.850   17.426  16.371  16.487  13.410  13.465  12.566  11.226   13.816  17.426
0.900   18.419  17.398  17.964  14.581  14.576  14.521  11.726   15.114  18.419
0.925   19.131  18.090  18.919  15.220  15.229  15.921  12.070   16.154  19.131
0.930   19.323  18.247  19.040  15.317  15.304  16.325  12.133   16.363  19.323
0.950   20.260  19.474  20.152  16.204  15.976  19.884  12.651   18.053  23.198
0.960   21.008  20.321  21.234  17.020  16.651  22.199  13.068   19.326  26.054
0.975   23.451  22.752  24.331  19.512  18.657  28.306  14.366   22.890  34.229
0.980   25.032  23.123  27.535  20.927  20.607  31.025  15.656   24.767  37.463
0.990   32.362  24.643  41.986  27.647  28.774  41.871  21.314   32.743  50.394

     Table 8. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature 
     at Ka-Band for Canberra DSCC, K

    CD      January    February      March      April        May        June
  0.000      7.274       7.274       7.274      7.274       7.274      7.274
  0.100      11.671      13.259     14.320      11.313      10.215     9.957
  0.200      13.019      14.694     15.485      12.360      10.760     11.133
  0.250      13.570      15.432     15.895      12.740      11.030     11.390
  0.300      13.996      16.240     16.314      13.120      11.320     11.594
  0.400      14.873      17.813     17.305      13.865      11.810     12.023
  0.500      16.347      19.333     18.255      14.730      12.340     12.530
  0.600      17.820      21.135     19.690      15.580      12.870     13.093
  0.700      19.554      23.330     21.375      16.675      13.844     13.780
  0.800      21.631      26.251     23.250      18.455      16.624     14.809
  0.850      23.048      29.237     24.613      19.853      18.614     15.805
  0.900      25.721      37.155     27.169      22.553      22.586     17.897
  0.925      28.258      43.415     29.972      26.919      27.655     21.311
  0.930      28.846      44.748     30.911      27.935      29.242     22.786
  0.950      33.438      52.852     35.590      33.007      37.206     30.415
  0.960      36.657      58.057     38.148      36.725      43.020     33.801
  0.975      46.274      74.052     45.395      46.781      56.575     41.481
  0.980      52.169      83.148     50.943      51.827      60.285     45.372
  0.990      83.280     110.437     67.432      65.986      76.082     54.859

     Table 8 (Cont'd). Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise
Temperature at Ka-Band for Canberra DSCC, K
                                        
  CD     July   August September October November Dec.   Minimum  Year    Maximum
                                                                Average  
0.000   7.274   7.274    7.274   7.274   7.274   7.274   7.274   7.274   7.274
0.100   9.563   9.638   10.470  10.500  11.923  10.670   9.563   11.125  14.320
0.200   10.235  10.333  11.213  11.467  12.993  11.917  10.235   12.134  15.485
0.250   10.505  10.580  11.523  11.800  13.452  12.553  10.505   12.539  15.895
0.300   10.743  10.789  11.840  12.113  13.957  13.103  10.743   12.927  16.314
0.400   11.188  11.190  12.493  12.737  14.940  14.117  11.188   13.696  17.813
0.500   11.730  11.619  13.128  13.533  15.893  15.133  11.619   14.548  19.333
0.600   12.313  12.215  13.887  14.633  17.030  16.381  12.215   15.554  21.135
0.700   13.028  12.988  15.017  16.155  18.682  18.143  12.988   16.881  23.330
0.800   14.442  14.200  16.511  19.203  22.224  21.303  14.200   19.075  26.251
0.850   15.655  15.547  17.889  21.470  25.576  24.236  15.547   20.962  29.237
0.900   17.645  18.804  20.349  26.021  30.782  29.038  17.645   24.643  37.155
0.925   20.202  22.063  22.720  31.181  35.946  33.327  20.202   28.581  43.415
0.930   20.824  22.967  23.690  32.545  37.255  34.818  20.824   29.714  44.748
0.950   23.988  27.691  29.298  41.607  44.979  41.402  23.988   35.956  52.852
0.960   26.372  31.975  33.550  46.812  49.729  44.727  26.372   39.964  58.057
0.975   31.422  46.147  42.500  61.731  66.869  53.428  31.422   51.054  74.052
0.980   34.134  50.786  48.262  71.255  74.809  57.345  34.134   56.695  83.148
0.990   44.061  67.266  73.060  94.217  97.186  70.896  44.061   75.397  110.437
                                                                           
       Table 9. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise Temperature 
       at Ka-Band for Madrid DSCC, K

    CD      January     February     March      April        May        June
  0.000      7.000       7.000       7.000      7.000       7.000      7.000
  0.100      8.081       8.027       9.008      9.129       10.527     11.095
  0.200      8.807       8.715       9.680      9.934       11.424     12.001
  0.250      9.020       8.918       9.928      10.128      11.700     12.279
  0.300      9.345       9.209      10.275      10.413      12.094     12.701
  0.400      9.893       9.661      10.801      10.941      12.778     13.321
  0.500      10.660      10.343     11.505      11.649      13.349     13.978
  0.600      11.705      11.122     12.284      12.505      13.985     14.626
  0.700      13.588      12.034     13.426      13.658      14.740     15.331
  0.800      18.184      13.617     15.527      15.956      16.508     16.218
  0.850      23.264      15.894     17.764      18.261      19.967     16.865
  0.900      32.518      20.404     22.635      21.803      27.555     18.056
  0.925      42.747      25.199     28.054      25.304      35.506     19.059
  0.930      44.501      26.176     29.154      26.115      37.057     19.361
  0.950      58.380      33.714     35.887      33.118      46.457     22.041
  0.960      63.503      37.904     40.178      37.171      51.554     24.514
  0.975      75.622      49.567     51.540      46.376      63.371     32.733
  0.980      79.259      53.436     55.884      49.123      67.655     38.373
  0.990      92.957      68.414     70.648      59.108      82.045     60.183

     Table 9 (Cont'd). Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Noise
 Temperature at Ka-Band for Madrid DSCC, K 
                                        
  CD     July   August September October November Dec.   Minimum  Year    Maximum
                                                                Average  
0.000   7.000   7.000    7.000   7.000   7.000   7.000   7.000   7.000   7.000
0.100   11.629  11.685  11.048   9.928   6.945   8.053   6.945   9.596   11.685
0.200   12.472  12.584  12.045  11.382   8.940   8.957   8.715   10.578  12.584
0.250   12.729  12.868  12.368  11.802   9.280   9.297   8.918   10.860  12.868
0.300   13.108  13.287  12.877  12.451   9.852   9.845   9.209   11.288  13.287
0.400   13.719  13.901  13.650  13.489  10.522  10.775   9.661   11.954  13.901
0.500   14.290  14.523  14.437  14.599  11.318  11.708  10.343   12.697  14.599
0.600   14.866  15.183  15.311  15.893  12.425  12.920  11.122   13.569  15.893
0.700   15.470  15.844  16.170  17.581  13.910  15.023  12.034   14.731  17.581
0.800   16.164  16.691  17.282  21.475  16.699  19.634  13.617   16.996  21.475
0.850   16.577  17.169  18.017  25.853  20.829  24.646  15.894   19.592  25.853
0.900   17.245  17.946  19.369  33.998  28.929  32.965  17.245   24.452  33.998
0.925   17.715  18.413  20.820  42.171  37.379  40.700  17.715   29.422  42.747
0.930   17.803  18.505  21.142  43.694  38.756  41.828  17.803   30.341  44.501
0.950   18.487  19.229  23.978  55.198  49.934  51.055  18.487   37.290  58.380
0.960   18.918  19.803  26.856  60.459  54.681  55.436  18.918   40.915  63.503
0.975   20.416  21.652  36.364  73.478  66.936  66.807  20.416   50.405  75.622
0.980   21.709  22.960  43.548  78.764  70.263  70.341  21.709   54.276  79.259
0.990   28.129  28.596  70.125  98.968  83.164  82.632  28.129   68.747  98.968


Table 10. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at L- and S-
Bands for Goldstone DSCC, dB

    CD      January     February     March      April        May        June
  0.000      0.033       0.033       0.033      0.033       0.033      0.033
  0.100      0.033       0.033       0.033      0.033       0.033      0.033
  0.200      0.032       0.032       0.032      0.032       0.032      0.032
  0.250      0.032       0.032       0.032      0.032       0.032      0.032
  0.300      0.032       0.032       0.032      0.032       0.032      0.032
  0.400      0.032       0.032       0.032      0.032       0.032      0.032
  0.500      0.031       0.031       0.031      0.031       0.032      0.032
  0.600      0.031       0.031       0.031      0.031       0.031      0.031
  0.700      0.031       0.031       0.031      0.031       0.031      0.031
  0.800      0.031       0.031       0.031      0.031       0.031      0.031
  0.850      0.031       0.031       0.031      0.031       0.031      0.031
  0.900      0.031       0.031       0.031      0.031       0.031      0.031
  0.925      0.031       0.031       0.031      0.030       0.031      0.031
  0.930      0.031       0.031       0.031      0.030       0.031      0.031
  0.950      0.031       0.031       0.031      0.030       0.031      0.031
  0.960      0.032       0.031       0.031      0.030       0.031      0.031
  0.975      0.032       0.031       0.031      0.031       0.031      0.031
  0.980      0.032       0.031       0.031      0.031       0.031      0.031
  0.990      0.033       0.032       0.032      0.031       0.032      0.032

Table 10 (Cont'd). Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at
                      L- and S-Bands for Goldstone DSCC, dB
                                        
  CD     July   August September October November Dec.   Minimum  Year    Maximum
                                                                Average  
0.000   0.033   0.033    0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033
0.100   0.033   0.033    0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033
0.200   0.032   0.032    0.032   0.032   0.032   0.032   0.032   0.032   0.032
0.250   0.032   0.032    0.032   0.032   0.032   0.032   0.032   0.032   0.032
0.300   0.032   0.032    0.032   0.032   0.032   0.032   0.032   0.032   0.032
0.400   0.032   0.032    0.032   0.032   0.032   0.032   0.032   0.032   0.032
0.500   0.032   0.032    0.032   0.032   0.032   0.031   0.031   0.032   0.032
0.600   0.032   0.032    0.032   0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031   0.032
0.700   0.031   0.031    0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031
0.800   0.031   0.031    0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031
0.850   0.031   0.031    0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031
0.900   0.031   0.031    0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031
0.925   0.031   0.031    0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031   0.030   0.031   0.031
0.930   0.031   0.031    0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031   0.030   0.031   0.031
0.950   0.031   0.031    0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031   0.030   0.031   0.031
0.960   0.031   0.031    0.031   0.031   0.031   0.031   0.030   0.031   0.032
0.975   0.031   0.031    0.031   0.031   0.031   0.032   0.031   0.031   0.032
0.980   0.031   0.031    0.032   0.031   0.031   0.032   0.031   0.031   0.032
0.990   0.032   0.031    0.033   0.032   0.032   0.033   0.031   0.032   0.033


Table 11. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at L- and S-
Bands for Canberra DSCC, dB
    CD      January     February     March      April        May        June
  0.000      0.036       0.036       0.036      0.036       0.036      0.036
  0.100      0.036       0.036       0.036      0.036       0.036      0.036
  0.200      0.035       0.036       0.036      0.035       0.035      0.035
  0.250      0.035       0.036       0.036      0.035       0.035      0.035
  0.300      0.035       0.035       0.035      0.035       0.035      0.035
  0.400      0.035       0.035       0.035      0.035       0.035      0.035
  0.500      0.035       0.035       0.035      0.035       0.034      0.034
  0.600      0.035       0.035       0.035      0.034       0.034      0.034
  0.700      0.034       0.035       0.035      0.034       0.034      0.034
  0.800      0.034       0.035       0.034      0.034       0.034      0.034
  0.850      0.034       0.035       0.034      0.034       0.034      0.034
  0.900      0.034       0.035       0.034      0.034       0.034      0.034
  0.925      0.034       0.036       0.035      0.034       0.034      0.034
  0.930      0.034       0.036       0.035      0.034       0.034      0.034
  0.950      0.035       0.036       0.035      0.035       0.035      0.034
  0.960      0.035       0.037       0.035      0.035       0.035      0.035
  0.975      0.036       0.038       0.036      0.036       0.037      0.035
  0.980      0.036       0.039       0.036      0.036       0.037      0.036
  0.990      0.039       0.041       0.037      0.037       0.038      0.036

Table 11 (Cont'd). Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at
                      L- and S-Bands for Canberra DSCC, dB
                                        
  CD     July   August September October November Dec.   Minimum  Year    Maximum
                                                                Average  
0.000   0.036   0.036    0.036   0.036   0.036   0.036   0.036   0.036   0.036
0.100   0.036   0.036    0.036   0.036   0.036   0.036   0.036   0.036   0.036
0.200   0.035   0.035    0.035   0.035   0.035   0.035   0.035   0.035   0.036
0.250   0.035   0.035    0.035   0.035   0.035   0.035   0.035   0.035   0.036
0.300   0.035   0.035    0.035   0.035   0.035   0.035   0.035   0.035   0.035
0.400   0.035   0.035    0.035   0.035   0.035   0.035   0.035   0.035   0.035
0.500   0.034   0.034    0.034   0.035   0.035   0.035   0.034   0.035   0.035
0.600   0.034   0.034    0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.035
0.700   0.034   0.034    0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.035
0.800   0.034   0.034    0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.035
0.850   0.034   0.034    0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.035
0.900   0.034   0.034    0.034   0.034   0.035   0.035   0.034   0.034   0.035
0.925   0.034   0.034    0.034   0.035   0.035   0.035   0.034   0.034   0.036
0.930   0.034   0.034    0.034   0.035   0.035   0.035   0.034   0.034   0.036
0.950   0.034   0.034    0.034   0.035   0.036   0.035   0.034   0.035   0.036
0.960   0.034   0.035    0.035   0.036   0.036   0.036   0.034   0.035   0.037
0.975   0.034   0.036    0.035   0.037   0.037   0.036   0.034   0.036   0.038
0.980   0.035   0.036    0.036   0.038   0.038   0.037   0.035   0.037   0.039
0.990   0.035   0.037    0.038   0.039   0.040   0.038   0.035   0.038   0.041


Table 12. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at
L- and S-Bands for Madrid DSCC, dB

    CD      January    February      March      April        May        June
  0.000      0.034       0.034       0.034      0.034       0.034      0.034
  0.100      0.034       0.034       0.034      0.034       0.034      0.034
  0.200      0.034       0.034       0.034      0.034       0.034      0.034
  0.250      0.034       0.034       0.034      0.034       0.034      0.034
  0.300      0.034       0.034       0.034      0.034       0.034      0.034
  0.400      0.033       0.033       0.033      0.033       0.034      0.034
  0.500      0.033       0.033       0.033      0.033       0.033      0.033
  0.600      0.033       0.033       0.033      0.033       0.033      0.033
  0.700      0.033       0.033       0.033      0.033       0.033      0.033
  0.800      0.033       0.032       0.033      0.033       0.033      0.033
  0.850      0.033       0.032       0.033      0.033       0.033      0.032
  0.900      0.034       0.033       0.033      0.033       0.033      0.032
  0.925      0.034       0.033       0.033      0.033       0.034      0.032
  0.930      0.034       0.033       0.033      0.033       0.034      0.032
  0.950      0.036       0.034       0.034      0.034       0.035      0.033
  0.960      0.036       0.034       0.034      0.034       0.035      0.033
  0.975      0.037       0.035       0.035      0.034       0.036      0.033
  0.980      0.037       0.035       0.035      0.035       0.036      0.034
  0.990      0.038       0.036       0.036      0.035       0.037      0.036

Table 12 (Cont'd). Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at
L- and S-Bands for Madrid DSCC, dB

  CD     July   August September October November Dec.   Minimum  Year    Maximum
                                                                Average  
0.000   0.034   0.034    0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034
0.100   0.034   0.034    0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034
0.200   0.034   0.034    0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034
0.250   0.034   0.034    0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034
0.300   0.034   0.034    0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.034
0.400   0.034   0.034    0.034   0.034   0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033   0.034
0.500   0.033   0.033    0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033
0.600   0.033   0.033    0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033
0.700   0.033   0.033    0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033
0.800   0.033   0.033    0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033   0.032   0.033   0.033
0.850   0.032   0.033    0.033   0.033   0.033   0.033   0.032   0.033   0.033
0.900   0.032   0.032    0.033   0.034   0.033   0.034   0.032   0.033   0.034
0.925   0.032   0.032    0.033   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.032   0.033   0.034
0.930   0.032   0.032    0.033   0.034   0.034   0.034   0.032   0.033   0.034
0.950   0.032   0.032    0.033   0.035   0.035   0.035   0.032   0.034   0.036
0.960   0.032   0.032    0.033   0.036   0.035   0.035   0.032   0.034   0.036
0.975   0.032   0.033    0.034   0.037   0.036   0.036   0.032   0.035   0.037
0.980   0.032   0.033    0.034   0.037   0.036   0.036   0.032   0.035   0.037
0.990   0.033   0.033    0.036   0.039   0.037   0.037   0.033   0.036   0.039



Table 13. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at X-Band
for Goldstone DSCC, dB

    CD      January     February     March      April        May        June
  0.000      0.037       0.037       0.037      0.037       0.037      0.037
  0.100      0.038       0.037       0.038      0.038       0.038      0.038
  0.200      0.038       0.038       0.038      0.038       0.039      0.038
  0.250      0.038       0.038       0.038      0.038       0.039      0.038
  0.300      0.038       0.038       0.038      0.038       0.039      0.038
  0.400      0.038       0.038       0.038      0.038       0.039      0.039
  0.500      0.038       0.038       0.038      0.038       0.039      0.039
  0.600      0.038       0.038       0.038      0.038       0.040      0.040
  0.700      0.039       0.038       0.038      0.038       0.040      0.041
  0.800      0.040       0.039       0.038      0.038       0.041      0.041
  0.850      0.041       0.040       0.039      0.039       0.042      0.042
  0.900      0.043       0.041       0.039      0.039       0.043      0.043
  0.925      0.046       0.043       0.040      0.039       0.044      0.044
  0.930      0.047       0.043       0.040      0.039       0.044      0.044
  0.950      0.051       0.046       0.041      0.040       0.047      0.046
  0.960      0.054       0.048       0.042      0.040       0.049      0.047
  0.975      0.063       0.052       0.045      0.042       0.053      0.051
  0.980      0.067       0.054       0.047      0.043       0.054      0.053
  0.990      0.081       0.062       0.056      0.049       0.060      0.062

Table 13 (Cont'd). Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at
X-Band for Goldstone DSCC, dB

  CD     July   August September October November Dec.   Minimum  Year    Maximum
                                                                Average  
0.000   0.037   0.037    0.037   0.037   0.037   0.037   0.037   0.037   0.037
0.100   0.039   0.039    0.040   0.038   0.038   0.037   0.037   0.038   0.040
0.200   0.040   0.040    0.040   0.039   0.038   0.038   0.038   0.038   0.040
0.250   0.040   0.040    0.040   0.039   0.038   0.038   0.038   0.038   0.040
0.300   0.040   0.041    0.040   0.039   0.038   0.038   0.038   0.039   0.041
0.400   0.041   0.041    0.041   0.039   0.038   0.038   0.038   0.039   0.041
0.500   0.042   0.042    0.042   0.039   0.039   0.038   0.038   0.039   0.042
0.600   0.043   0.043    0.042   0.039   0.039   0.038   0.038   0.040   0.043
0.700   0.044   0.043    0.043   0.040   0.040   0.038   0.038   0.040   0.044
0.800   0.045   0.044    0.044   0.040   0.041   0.039   0.038   0.041   0.045
0.850   0.045   0.044    0.044   0.041   0.041   0.040   0.039   0.042   0.045
0.900   0.046   0.045    0.046   0.042   0.042   0.042   0.039   0.043   0.046
0.925   0.047   0.046    0.047   0.043   0.043   0.044   0.039   0.044   0.047
0.930   0.047   0.046    0.047   0.043   0.043   0.044   0.039   0.044   0.047
0.950   0.048   0.047    0.048   0.044   0.043   0.048   0.040   0.046   0.051
0.960   0.049   0.048    0.049   0.045   0.044   0.050   0.040   0.047   0.054
0.975   0.052   0.051    0.052   0.047   0.046   0.057   0.042   0.051   0.063
0.980   0.053   0.051    0.056   0.049   0.048   0.060   0.043   0.053   0.067
0.990   0.061   0.053    0.072   0.056   0.057   0.072   0.049   0.062   0.081


Table 14. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at X-Band
for Canberra DSCC, dB

    CD      January     February     March      April        May        June
  0.000      0.040       0.040       0.040      0.040       0.040      0.040
  0.100      0.045       0.046       0.048      0.044       0.043      0.043
  0.200      0.046       0.048       0.049      0.045       0.043      0.044
  0.250      0.046       0.048       0.049      0.045       0.043      0.044
  0.300      0.046       0.049       0.049      0.045       0.043      0.044
  0.400      0.047       0.050       0.050      0.046       0.043      0.044
  0.500      0.048       0.052       0.050      0.046       0.044      0.044
  0.600      0.049       0.053       0.052      0.047       0.044      0.044
  0.700      0.051       0.055       0.053      0.048       0.045      0.044
  0.800      0.053       0.058       0.055      0.049       0.047      0.045
  0.850      0.054       0.061       0.056      0.051       0.049      0.046
  0.900      0.057       0.069       0.058      0.053       0.053      0.048
  0.925      0.059       0.076       0.061      0.058       0.059      0.052
  0.930      0.060       0.078       0.062      0.059       0.060      0.053
  0.950      0.065       0.086       0.067      0.064       0.069      0.062
  0.960      0.068       0.092       0.070      0.068       0.075      0.065
  0.975      0.079       0.109       0.078      0.079       0.090      0.074
  0.980      0.085       0.119       0.084      0.085       0.094      0.078
  0.990      0.119       0.150       0.102      0.100       0.112      0.088

Table 14 (Cont'd). Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at
X-Band for Canberra DSCC, dB

  CD     July   August September October November Dec.   Minimum  Year    Maximum
                                                                Average  
0.000   0.040   0.040    0.040   0.040   0.040   0.040   0.040   0.040   0.040
0.100   0.042   0.042    0.043   0.043   0.045   0.043   0.042   0.044   0.048
0.200   0.043   0.043    0.044   0.044   0.046   0.044   0.043   0.045   0.049
0.250   0.043   0.043    0.044   0.044   0.046   0.045   0.043   0.045   0.049
0.300   0.043   0.043    0.044   0.044   0.046   0.045   0.043   0.045   0.049
0.400   0.043   0.043    0.044   0.045   0.047   0.046   0.043   0.046   0.050
0.500   0.043   0.043    0.045   0.045   0.048   0.047   0.043   0.046   0.052
0.600   0.043   0.043    0.045   0.046   0.049   0.048   0.043   0.047   0.053
0.700   0.044   0.044    0.046   0.047   0.050   0.049   0.044   0.048   0.055
0.800   0.045   0.045    0.047   0.050   0.053   0.052   0.045   0.050   0.058
0.850   0.046   0.046    0.048   0.052   0.057   0.055   0.046   0.052   0.061
0.900   0.048   0.049    0.051   0.057   0.062   0.060   0.048   0.056   0.069
0.925   0.051   0.053    0.053   0.063   0.068   0.065   0.051   0.060   0.076
0.930   0.051   0.054    0.054   0.064   0.069   0.067   0.051   0.061   0.078
0.950   0.055   0.059    0.060   0.074   0.078   0.074   0.055   0.068   0.086
0.960   0.057   0.063    0.065   0.080   0.083   0.077   0.057   0.072   0.092
0.975   0.063   0.079    0.075   0.096   0.101   0.087   0.063   0.084   0.109
0.980   0.066   0.084    0.081   0.106   0.110   0.091   0.066   0.090   0.119
0.990   0.076   0.102    0.108   0.132   0.135   0.106   0.076   0.111   0.150

Table 15. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at X-Band
for Madrid DSCC, dB

    CD      January     February     March      April        May        June
  0.000      0.038       0.038       0.038      0.038       0.038      0.038
  0.100      0.039       0.039       0.040      0.040       0.042      0.043
  0.200      0.040       0.040       0.041      0.041       0.043      0.043
  0.250      0.040       0.040       0.041      0.041       0.043      0.044
  0.300      0.040       0.040       0.041      0.041       0.043      0.044
  0.400      0.040       0.040       0.041      0.041       0.043      0.044
  0.500      0.041       0.040       0.042      0.042       0.044      0.044
  0.600      0.041       0.041       0.042      0.042       0.044      0.045
  0.700      0.043       0.041       0.043      0.043       0.044      0.045
  0.800      0.048       0.043       0.045      0.045       0.046      0.046
  0.850      0.053       0.045       0.047      0.048       0.050      0.046
  0.900      0.063       0.050       0.052      0.051       0.058      0.047
  0.925      0.074       0.055       0.058      0.055       0.066      0.048
  0.930      0.076       0.056       0.059      0.056       0.068      0.049
  0.950      0.091       0.064       0.067      0.064       0.078      0.051
  0.960      0.097       0.069       0.071      0.068       0.084      0.054
  0.975      0.110       0.081       0.084      0.078       0.097      0.063
  0.980      0.114       0.086       0.088      0.081       0.101      0.069
  0.990      0.129       0.102       0.104      0.092       0.117      0.093

Table 15 (Cont'd). Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at
X-Band for Madrid DSCC, dB

  CD     July   August September October November Dec.   Minimum  Year    Maximum
                                                                Average  
0.000  0.038  0.038   0.038    0.038   0.038     0.038    0.038   0.038    0.038
0.100  0.043  0.043   0.043    0.041   0.038     0.039    0.038   0.041    0.043
0.200  0.044  0.044   0.043    0.043   0.040     0.040    0.040   0.042    0.044
0.250  0.044  0.044   0.044    0.043   0.040     0.040    0.040   0.042    0.044
0.300  0.044  0.044   0.044    0.044   0.040     0.040    0.040   0.042    0.044
0.400  0.045  0.045   0.044    0.044   0.041     0.041    0.040   0.043    0.045
0.500  0.045  0.045   0.045    0.045   0.041     0.042    0.040   0.043    0.045
0.600  0.045  0.045   0.046    0.046   0.042     0.043    0.041   0.044    0.046
0.700  0.045  0.046   0.046    0.048   0.044     0.045    0.041   0.044    0.048
0.800  0.046  0.046   0.047    0.051   0.046     0.049    0.043   0.047    0.051
0.850  0.046  0.047   0.047    0.056   0.051     0.055    0.045   0.049    0.056
0.900  0.046  0.047   0.049    0.065   0.059     0.064    0.046   0.054    0.065
0.925  0.047  0.048   0.050    0.074   0.068     0.072    0.047   0.060    0.074
0.930  0.047  0.048   0.051    0.075   0.070     0.073    0.047   0.061    0.076
0.950  0.048  0.048   0.054    0.088   0.082     0.083    0.048   0.068    0.091
0.960  0.048  0.049   0.057    0.093   0.087     0.088    0.048   0.072    0.097
0.975  0.050  0.051   0.067    0.108   0.100     0.100    0.050   0.082    0.110
0.980  0.051  0.052   0.075    0.113   0.104     0.104    0.051   0.087    0.114
0.990  0.058  0.058   0.104    0.136   0.118     0.118    0.058   0.102    0.136

Table 16. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at Ka-Band
for Goldstone DSCC, dB

    CD      January     February     March      April        May        June
  0.000      0.116       0.116       0.116      0.116       0.116      0.116
  0.100      0.135       0.133       0.136      0.139       0.145      0.142
  0.200      0.140       0.139       0.141      0.146       0.154      0.150
  0.250      0.141       0.141       0.143      0.148       0.156      0.153
  0.300      0.144       0.144       0.145      0.151       0.161      0.157
  0.400      0.149       0.148       0.150      0.154       0.169      0.163
  0.500      0.154       0.152       0.154      0.158       0.180      0.173
  0.600      0.162       0.157       0.159      0.163       0.188      0.188
  0.700      0.175       0.165       0.165      0.169       0.198      0.204
  0.800      0.195       0.181       0.175      0.176       0.212      0.218
  0.850      0.216       0.195       0.182      0.180       0.224      0.227
  0.900      0.253       0.223       0.194      0.188       0.246      0.245
  0.925      0.300       0.246       0.201      0.193       0.264      0.264
  0.930      0.308       0.252       0.203      0.194       0.268      0.266
  0.950      0.377       0.288       0.216      0.202       0.315      0.289
  0.960      0.426       0.319       0.233      0.208       0.337      0.310
  0.975      0.568       0.388       0.281      0.229       0.402      0.373
  0.980      0.625       0.419       0.311      0.250       0.422      0.405
  0.990      0.863       0.542       0.444      0.344       0.512      0.542

Table 16 (Cont'd). Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at
Ka-Band
for Goldstone DSCC, dB
  CD     July   August September October November Dec.   Minimum  Year    Maximum
                                                                Average  
0.000   0.116   0.116    0.116   0.116   0.116   0.116   0.116   0.116   0.116
0.100   0.154   0.157    0.164   0.148   0.138   0.133   0.133   0.144   0.164
0.200   0.171   0.173    0.173   0.155   0.145   0.139   0.139   0.152   0.173
0.250   0.175   0.179    0.177   0.157   0.147   0.141   0.141   0.155   0.179
0.300   0.183   0.190    0.184   0.162   0.151   0.144   0.144   0.160   0.190
0.400   0.194   0.204    0.196   0.170   0.158   0.148   0.148   0.167   0.204
0.500   0.210   0.222    0.212   0.176   0.166   0.152   0.152   0.176   0.222
0.600   0.229   0.234    0.224   0.183   0.179   0.157   0.157   0.185   0.234
0.700   0.253   0.242    0.241   0.192   0.192   0.167   0.165   0.197   0.253
0.800   0.273   0.256    0.257   0.206   0.207   0.184   0.175   0.211   0.273
0.850   0.283   0.265    0.267   0.216   0.217   0.202   0.180   0.223   0.283
0.900   0.298   0.281    0.291   0.234   0.234   0.233   0.188   0.243   0.298
0.925   0.309   0.292    0.306   0.244   0.245   0.256   0.193   0.260   0.309
0.930   0.313   0.295    0.308   0.246   0.246   0.263   0.194   0.263   0.313
0.950   0.328   0.315    0.326   0.260   0.256   0.321   0.202   0.291   0.377
0.960   0.340   0.328    0.344   0.273   0.267   0.360   0.208   0.312   0.426
0.975   0.381   0.369    0.396   0.314   0.300   0.464   0.229   0.371   0.568
0.980   0.407   0.375    0.450   0.338   0.333   0.511   0.250   0.403   0.625
0.990   0.534   0.400    0.706   0.452   0.471   0.704   0.344   0.541   0.863

Table 17. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at Ka-Band
for Canberra DSCC, dB

    CD      January     February     March      April        May        June
  0.000      0.126       0.126       0.126      0.126       0.126      0.126
  0.100      0.201       0.230       0.248      0.195       0.176      0.171
  0.200      0.223       0.253       0.267      0.212       0.184      0.190
  0.250      0.232       0.264       0.273      0.217       0.187      0.194
  0.300      0.238       0.277       0.279      0.223       0.191      0.196
  0.400      0.251       0.302       0.293      0.233       0.198      0.202
  0.500      0.274       0.326       0.307      0.246       0.205      0.208
  0.600      0.297       0.354       0.329      0.258       0.212      0.216
  0.700      0.323       0.389       0.355      0.274       0.226      0.225
  0.800      0.356       0.436       0.384      0.302       0.271      0.240
  0.850      0.378       0.486       0.405      0.324       0.303      0.256
  0.900      0.422       0.624       0.447      0.368       0.369      0.290
  0.925      0.465       0.737       0.495      0.442       0.455      0.346
  0.930      0.475       0.761       0.511      0.459       0.482      0.371
  0.950      0.555       0.913       0.593      0.547       0.622      0.502
  0.960      0.612       1.013       0.639      0.613       0.727      0.561
  0.975      0.786       1.337       0.770      0.796       0.983      0.698
  0.980      0.897       1.533       0.874      0.891       1.055      0.769
  0.990      1.535       2.181       1.198      1.168       1.378      0.948

Table 17 (Cont'd). Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at
Ka-Band for Canberra DSCC, dB

  CD     July   August September October November Dec.   Minimum  Year   Maximum
                                                                Average  
0.000   0.126   0.126    0.126   0.126   0.126   0.126   0.126   0.126   0.126
0.100   0.164   0.166    0.180   0.181   0.206   0.184   0.164   0.192   0.248
0.200   0.174   0.176    0.191   0.196   0.223   0.204   0.174   0.208   0.267
0.250   0.178   0.180    0.196   0.201   0.230   0.214   0.178   0.214   0.273
0.300   0.181   0.182    0.200   0.205   0.237   0.222   0.181   0.219   0.279
0.400   0.187   0.187    0.210   0.214   0.252   0.238   0.187   0.230   0.302
0.500   0.195   0.193    0.219   0.225   0.266   0.253   0.193   0.243   0.326
0.600   0.203   0.201    0.229   0.242   0.283   0.272   0.201   0.258   0.354
0.700   0.213   0.212    0.246   0.265   0.308   0.299   0.212   0.278   0.389
0.800   0.234   0.230    0.269   0.314   0.366   0.350   0.230   0.312   0.436
0.850   0.253   0.252    0.291   0.351   0.422   0.399   0.252   0.343   0.486
0.900   0.285   0.305    0.331   0.428   0.511   0.480   0.285   0.404   0.624
0.925   0.327   0.359    0.370   0.516   0.601   0.554   0.327   0.471   0.737
0.930   0.338   0.374    0.386   0.540   0.624   0.581   0.338   0.490   0.761
0.950   0.391   0.454    0.482   0.702   0.764   0.698   0.391   0.600   0.913
0.960   0.431   0.529    0.556   0.798   0.853   0.759   0.431   0.671   1.013
0.975   0.518   0.784    0.717   1.084   1.188   0.922   0.518   0.876   1.337
0.980   0.566   0.871    0.823   1.278   1.353   0.997   0.566   0.985   1.533
0.990   0.744   1.194    1.315   1.783   1.854   1.269   0.744   1.364   2.181


Table 18. Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at Ka-Band
for Madrid DSCC, dB

    CD      January     February     March      April        May        June
  0.000      0.121       0.121       0.121      0.121       0.121      0.121
  0.100      0.138       0.138       0.155      0.157       0.181      0.191
  0.200      0.150       0.148       0.165      0.169       0.195      0.205
  0.250      0.153       0.151       0.168      0.172       0.199      0.209
  0.300      0.157       0.155       0.173      0.176       0.205      0.215
  0.400      0.165       0.161       0.181      0.183       0.215      0.224
  0.500      0.177       0.171       0.191      0.193       0.222      0.233
  0.600      0.192       0.183       0.202      0.206       0.231      0.242
  0.700      0.222       0.196       0.219      0.223       0.242      0.251
  0.800      0.297       0.221       0.252      0.260       0.269      0.264
  0.850      0.382       0.257       0.289      0.297       0.326      0.274
  0.900      0.541       0.332       0.370      0.355       0.454      0.292
  0.925      0.725       0.412       0.462      0.414       0.593      0.308
  0.930      0.757       0.429       0.481      0.428       0.621      0.313
  0.950      1.021       0.560       0.599      0.549       0.792      0.358
  0.960      1.122       0.634       0.675      0.621       0.887      0.399
  0.975      1.371       0.848       0.886      0.788       1.117      0.541
  0.980      1.448       0.922       0.969      0.839       1.204      0.641
  0.990      1.754       1.218       1.264      1.031       1.508      1.052

Table 18 (Cont'd). Cumulative Distributions of Zenith Atmospheric Attenuation at
Ka-Band
for Madrid DSCC, dB

  CD     July   August September October November Dec.   Minimum  Year    Maximum
                                                                Average  
0.000  0.121  0.121   0.121    0.121   0.121     0.121    0.121   0.121    0.121
0.100  0.201  0.202   0.190    0.171   0.119     0.138    0.119   0.165    0.202
0.200  0.213  0.215   0.206    0.194   0.152     0.152    0.148   0.180    0.215
0.250  0.217  0.219   0.211    0.201   0.157     0.157    0.151   0.184    0.219
0.300  0.222  0.226   0.218    0.211   0.166     0.166    0.155   0.191    0.226
0.400  0.231  0.234   0.230    0.227   0.176     0.180    0.161   0.200    0.234
0.500  0.238  0.242   0.241    0.244   0.188     0.194    0.171   0.211    0.244
0.600  0.246  0.251   0.254    0.263   0.205     0.213    0.183   0.224    0.263
0.700  0.254  0.260   0.266    0.290   0.228     0.246    0.196   0.241    0.290
0.800  0.263  0.272   0.282    0.353   0.272     0.322    0.221   0.277    0.353
0.850  0.269  0.279   0.293    0.427   0.340     0.406    0.257   0.319    0.427
0.900  0.279  0.290   0.314    0.568   0.478     0.549    0.279   0.401    0.568
0.925  0.286  0.297   0.338    0.714   0.627     0.687    0.286   0.486    0.725
0.930  0.287  0.299   0.343    0.742   0.651     0.707    0.287   0.501    0.757
0.950  0.298  0.310   0.391    0.958   0.857     0.879    0.298   0.624    1.021
0.960  0.305  0.320   0.440    1.061   0.947     0.962    0.305   0.689    1.122
0.975  0.330  0.350   0.606    1.325   1.190     1.187    0.330   0.864    1.371
0.980  0.351  0.372   0.736    1.438   1.257     1.259    0.351   0.938    1.448
0.990  0.460  0.468   1.253    1.896   1.532     1.520    0.460   1.225    1.896


Table 19. Monthly and Year-Average Rainfall Amounts at the DSN Antenna Locations
  Month        Goldstone         Canberra            Madrid
            inches    mm     inches     mm      inches     mm
January      1.02    25.9     3.61     91.7      1.48     37.5
February     1.18    30.0     2.74     69.7      1.38     35.0
March        0.90    22.9     2.90     73.6      1.10     28.0
April        0.20     5.1     2.85     72.4      1.87     47.5
May          0.19     4.8     2.94     74.8      1.56     39.5
June         0.04     1.0     2.70     68.7      1.26     32.0
July         0.35     8.9     3.36     85.3      0.57     14.5
August       0.59    15.0     3.90     99.0      0.59     15.0
September    0.39     9.9     3.73     94.7      1.16     29.5
October      0.15     3.8     3.70     94.0      1.54     39.0
November     0.23     5.8     3.50     88.8      2.01     51.0
December     0.57    14.5     2.42     61.4      1.75     44.5
Year         5.81    147.6    38.67    982.1    16.26     413.0
Average


Table 20. Parameters for X-Band Planetary Noise Calculation, plus X-Band and Ka-
Band Noise Temperatures at Mean Minimum Distance from Earth

 Planet   Diameter        Mean           Mean      Black-  T_Planet at Mean Minimum
          (km)          Distance        Distance   body    Distance (K)
                          from         from Sun    Disk
                         Earth                     Temp
                                                   (K)
                                                                 X-Band       Ka-Band
                        (10^6 km)                           70-m     34-m     34-m (78.8
                                                           (74.4    (68.3    dBi gain)
                                                            dBi      dBi
                                                           gain)    gain)
         polar  equa-  min   Max.   10^6km  AU                               
               torial   
Mercury        4880   91.7   207.5  57.9   0.387   625    3.05     0.75        8.39
Venus          12104  41.4   257.8  108.3  0.723   490    72.10    17.70      198.58
Earth          12757   -     -      149.6  1.000 250-300^1 -        -          -
Mars           6794   78.3   377.5  227.9  1.523   180    2.33     0.57        6.43
Jupiter 134102 142984 628.7  927.9  778.3  5.203   152    13.53    3.32        37.27
Saturn  108728 120536 1279.8 1579.0 1429.4 9.555   155    2.37     0.58        6.52
Uranus         51118  2721.4 3020.6 2871.0 19.191  160    0.10     0.02        0.27
Neptune        49532  4354.4 4653.6 4504.0 30.107  160    0.04     0.01        0.10
Pluto          2274   5763.9 6063.1 5913.5 39.529  160    0.00     0.00        0.00

Note:

1. Ocean (250) and Land (300)